Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to demonstrate the need to adopt global strategies that are capable of eliminating or neutralizing the internal threats to planet Earth represented by the consequences resulting from the end of the world capitalist system, the depletion of the planet’s natural resources, global catastrophic climate change and the escalation of international conflicts that could lead to the war of all against all at national and international levels in the mid-21st century and also to eliminate or attenuate the immediate and future threats from outer space posed by the collision of comets and giant asteroids with Earth that have the potential to annihilate humans altogether as with dinosaurs between 208 and 144 million years ago, due to the consequences of the Moon’s continuing remoteness from Earth, the impact on Earth of giant charged particle eruptions known as Sun’s coronal mass ejections, by the Sun becoming a red giant that will swallow the Earth as it comes to an end within 5 billion years, due to the deadly impact on Earth of supernova explosions, the eternal expansion of the Universe that will leave only residual heat and black holes or by its contraction uniting all matter and energy into one great black hole, and by the growing dark energy and the evaporating dark matter that can cause the Universe to end up with almost nothing in it.
Internal threats require the construction of a new model of society that enables civilized coexistence among all human beings. This need is imposed in the 21st century in the face of the foreseeable end of capitalism in the middle of this century, the environmental degradation of planet Earth resulting from the depletion of natural resources and global climate change and the escalation of international conflicts that could lead to the war of all against all. nationally and internationally, also in the mid-21st century. Given the foreseeable end to capitalism in the mid-21st century, it is urgent to replace capitalism with the Nordic or Scandinavian model of social democracy, practiced in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland, which could best be described as a kind of middle ground. between capitalism and socialism.
In 2013, The Economist magazine declared that the Nordic countries are probably the best governed in the world. The UN World Happiness Report 2013 shows that the happiest nations in the world are concentrated in northern Europe. The Nordics have the highest real GDP per capita rating, the longest life expectancy, the greatest freedom to make life choices, and the most generosity. Despite their differences, the Scandinavian countries share some commonalities: a universalist welfare state that is aimed at improving individual autonomy, promoting social mobility and ensuring universal provision of basic human rights and economic stabilization. It is also distinguished by their emphasis on labor force participation, promoting gender equality, reducing social inequality, extensive levels of benefit to the population and the great magnitude of wealth redistribution.
Internal and external threats call for the establishment of a democratic world government that would aim not only at overcoming internal threats such as global economic planning, the defense of the global environment and the achievement of world peace, but also create the conditions to face external threats from space whose global actions to counteract them are impossible for national states to take forward in isolation and by current international institutions. The threat from space that requires immediate action to avoid its consequences is the collision of comets and giant asteroids with Earth that has the potential to completely annihilate humans. Another threat from space that requires immediate action to avoid its consequences concerns the giant charged particle eruptions known as coronal mass ejections from the Sun. Other threats that require long-term action to avoid its consequences are represented by the explosions of supernovae, stars of greater mass than the Sun that, at the end of their existence, could wipe out life on Earth due to the release of sufficient gamma and X-ray radiation enough to heat the surface of our planet and make the atmosphere and oceans evaporate, by moving the moon away from the Earth, which will slow down the Earth’s rotation, so that the 24-hour day will not last forever and reach 1,152 hours in 4 billion years making life on the planet unfeasible with the disappearance of tides, the end of the Earth’s axis of rotation stability and global climate change that would be the factors that would produce the most dire consequences for terrestrial life.
It is scientifically known that all life on Earth will be swept away when the Sun reaches the end of its existence within 5 billion years when it will expand into a red giant that will engulf the Earth. In turn, the Universe will become incapable of allowing any kind of life to exist because of its eternal expansion, leaving only residual heat and black holes, or will contract by uniting all matter and energy into one large black hole. Finally, the discovery that dark matter may be turning into dark energy may make the space emptier whose process would be responsible for slowing the growth of galaxies and other large-scale structures in the Universe. If the conversion continues at the current pace, the ultimate fate of the Universe as a cold, dark and empty place could come sooner than expected. Anyway, all life in the Universe would disappear forever. This means that we will face the threat of death of our species with the disappearance of the Sun, the Earth and the Universe itself that will require the adoption of measures to ensure the survival of the human species..
The time has come for humanity to equip itself as urgently as possible with the tools necessary to control its destiny with the establishment of a world government. This is the only means of survival for the human species to counter internal and external threats to planet Earth. In addition to the strategies cited in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article suggested to eliminate the internal threats, the world government should adopt immediate strategies to avoid the collision of comets and asteroids with the Earth by deflecting them with the use of space rockets directed at them and mitigate the impact on Earth of giant charged particle eruptions known as Sun’s coronal mass ejections. The threats resulting from the Moon’s remoteness from Earth, supernova explosions, and the transformation of the Sun into a red giant that will engulf Earth require the adoption of long-term strategies that contribute to the deployment of space stations, the use of planetary moons such as those of Jupiter and Saturn of the solar system far from the Sun and the colonization of Earth-like planets in the Milky Way or other distant galaxies that may be inhabited by human populations and able to survive there. The threats posed by the impossibility of life in the universe due to its eternal expansion or contraction into a large black hole and the ultimate fate of the Universe as a cold, dark and empty place will require the adoption of long term strategies that contribute to the realization of travel of human populations to other universes. These strategies will only be successful if there is a global effort under the leadership of a world government to prepare human beings to face these threats and to promote sustained scientific and technological development.
On the existence of other universes, it is worth mentioning the latest research by physicist Stephen Hawking that points out that our universe may be just one of many others like it. Hawking’s theory points a way for astronomers to look for evidence of parallel universes. The study was submitted for publication in the Journal of High-Energy Physics. Hartle and Hawking used quantum mechanics as a basis to explain how the Universe would have started out of nothing. Scientists developed the idea and hypothesized that the Big Bang would not have created just one universe, but countless universes. Some of them, according to the Hartle-Hawking theory, would be very similar to ours – perhaps Earth-like planets and societies and individuals like those in our Universe. The other universes would have punctual differences – an earth where dinosaurs were not extinct, for example. And there would be totally different universes of our Universe, without a planet Earth or perhaps without stars or galaxies and with different laws of physics. It may sound unlikely, but the equations elaborated on this theory make these scenarios possible.
A critical question arises from this: the existence of infinite types of universes with infinite variations in their laws of physics. Hawking collaborated with Thomas Hertog to try to resolve this paradox. Hawking’s final work is the result of 20-year research with Hertog and solved this puzzle by resorting to new mathematical techniques designed to study another exotic branch of physics called string theory. These techniques allow researchers to view physics theories in a different way. And further elaboration by Hartle-Hawking theory in the study has given an order to the hitherto chaotic multiverse. The paper points out that there can only be universes with the same laws of physics as ours. This means that our Universe is a typical universe and that observations made from our point of view will be helpful in developing our concepts of how other universes emerged.
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* Fernando Alcoforado, 79, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).
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