Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to demonstrate the need to adopt global strategies in the near future that are capable of eliminating or neutralizing the threats to humanity internal to planet Earth, in the 21st century, represented by the end of the world capitalist system, by the exhaustion of natural resources of the planet, by catastrophic global climate change, by the escalation of international conflicts that could lead to the war of all against all at national and international levels, and also by the pandemic of viruses similar to Coronavirus. In addition to internal threats, strategies must be developed to ensure the survival of humanity in the near future in the face of the immediate threats related to the collision of asteroids on planet Earth and the explosion of supernovae with the release of gamma and X-ray radiation and, in the long term future, represented by the distancing of the Moon in relation to the Earth, the collision of the Andromeda Galaxy with the Milky Way Galaxy where the solar system is located, the death of the Sun and the end of the Universe in which we live.
Among the internal threats, the first, of an economic nature, is represented by the general crisis of the world capitalist system that tends to lead the world in the middle of the 21st century to depression with the bankruptcy of governments, the bankruptcy of companies, mass unemployment and even even a new world conflagration as it already happened in the 20th century with the 1st and 2nd World War. The second threat, of an environmental nature, is represented by the exhaustion of the Earth planet’s natural resources, the scarcity and pollution of water, the disordered growth of cities and the catastrophic global climate change during the 21st century resulting from the chaotic mode of capitalist production and the excessive increase of planetary population that tends to produce serious repercussions on economic activities and the worsening of human social problems, as well as the advent of international conflicts. The third threat may result from three major international conflicts that can start a new World War: 1) The United States-China-Russia conflict; 2) The Israel-Palestine conflict; and, 3) The United States-Israel-Iran conflict. The fourth threat is represented by the emergence of new pandemics such as the one currently occurring, that of the Coronavirus.
The immediate external threats concern the collision of asteroids on planet Earth and the explosion of supernovae with the release of gamma radiation and X-rays. To avoid the collision of large asteroids on planet Earth, humanity should use powerful rockets to deflect them. With the external threat posed by the collision between the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies, humanity would have to seek its escape to a planet in a closer galaxy like the Big Dog Dwarf Galaxy located 25,000 light years away. In order to face the problems resulting from the Moon’s distancing in relation to the Earth, humanity could seek its survival by implanting space colonies on Mars, Titan (Saturn’s moon), Callisto (Jupiter’s moon) and the dwarf planet Pluto in the solar system, possible escape locations, all of them with numerous obstacles that would require great technological advancement to overcome them. Before the death of the Sun, humanity should leave the solar system and reach a new planet in another planetary system that is habitable for human beings. This planet could be “Proxima Centauri b” orbiting the closest star to the Sun that is part of the Alpha Centauri system. Before the end of the Universe in which we live, humanity should seek a way out, that is, a parallel universe, for humanity to escape and survive all catastrophic scenarios.
As for internal threats to planet Earth, the survival of humanity depends on the ability of human beings to find solutions for rational management for the recycling of natural resources in order to avoid depletion, for the use of water to avoid its pollution and misuse and for the development of cities to prevent their disorderly growth, as well as scientific and technological solutions to deal with internal threats related to the environmental nature represented by the catastrophic global climate change with the adoption of clean technologies for industrial production, transportation and energy,to combat water, soil and air pollution such as the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and those related to the development of medicines and vaccines capable of combating current and new viruses. Internal threats will only be successfully combated to the extent that humanity acquires the capacity to coordinate its actions in the management of the global economy and in international relations with the implementation of a global governance capable of dealing with the worsening of the crisis of the world capitalist system until mid-21st century and order the world economic system on new bases after this crisis and that is also capable of preventing the emergence of new international conflicts that could lead humanity to a new World War. In addition to world governance, a new model of society must be implemented in every country in the world, capable of promoting the universal welfare state, the universal provision of basic human rights and the stabilization of the economy, equality of gender, the reduction of social inequality and the great magnitude of wealth redistribution to the population.
As for the external threats described above, the survival of mankind depends on the advancement of science and technology without which human beings will not be able to survive the threats represented by the distancing of the Moon in relation to the Earth, the collision of asteroids on the planet Earth, the explosion of supernovae with the release of gamma radiation and X-rays, the collision of the Andromeda Galaxy with the Milky Way Galaxy where the solar system is located, the death of the Sun and the end of the Universe in which we live. Currently, humanity would be able to prevent the collision of large asteroids on the planet Earth because it has powerful rockets capable of hitting them. However, there are no technological resources to avoid the damage that could be caused by the explosion of supernovae with the release of gamma and X-ray radiation, the consequences of which will be catastrophic for humanity, just as there are no technological resources to implant space colonies on Mars, Titan (moon of Saturn), Callisto (moon of Jupiter) and the dwarf planet Pluto. Mankind also lacks the scientific and technological resources to seek its escape to a planet in a closer galaxy such as the Big Dog Dwarf Galaxy, to reach another habitable planet, “Proxima Centauri b”, orbiting the star closest to the Sun that is part of the Alpha Centauri system, much less seek a way out to a parallel universe before the end of our Universe.
If the scientific and technological challenge is immense to escape to a planet in a galaxy like the Big Dog Dwarf Galaxy located 25,000 light years away, to reach a new planet in another planetary system that is habitable for human beings such as “Proxima Centauri b “orbiting the closest star to the Sun that is part of the Alpha Centauri system, the challenge would be even greater in abandoning our Universe and heading towards parallel universes. According to Michio Kaku, an American theoretical physicist, professor and co-creator of the string field theory, the main problem in abandoning our Universe and going to parallel universes is whether we will have enough resources to build machines capable of accomplishing such a difficult feat and if the laws of physics allow these machines to exist.
For humanity to escape to parallel universes, Kaku says it is necessary to overcome a series of great obstacles. The first barrier would be to complete a theory of everything when we would be able to verify the consequences of using advanced technologies. In addition, Kaku proposes to find wormholes and white holes that are dimensional gates and cosmic strings that would make it possible to reach parallel universes, send probes through a black hole that would function as an emergency hatch to leave our Universe, build a black hole for purposes experiments, create a baby universe with a false vacuum in the laboratory, create immense atom colliders despite major engineering problems, create implosion mechanisms using laser beams, build a bend-boosting machine with the ability to cross immense stellar distances, use the negative energy of the compressed states with the use of laser beams that can be used to generate negative matter to open and stabilize wormholes, wait for quantum transitions to escape to another universe and, finally, as a last hope, with the fusion of our consciousness with our robotic creations using advanced DNA engineering, nanotechnology and robotics.
Kaku says that humanity will have billions of years ahead to find the solution that will allow us to abandon our Universe towards parallel worlds. Kaku says that for long-distance interplanetary missions, physicists will have to find more exotic forms of rocket propulsion if they expect to reach distances hundreds of light-years away as current chemical rockets are limited by the maximum velocity of exhaust gases. He says that the development of a solar / ion engine could provide a new way of propelling rockets between the stars. One possible project would be to create a fusion reactor, a rocket that extracts hydrogen from interstellar space and liquefies it by releasing unlimited amounts of energy in the process.
Everything that has just been exposed indicates the need for humanity to equip itself as urgently as possible with the necessary instruments to have control of its destiny with the implantation of a democratic world government. This is the only means of survival for the human species to face the internal and external threats to planet Earth described above. Internal and external threats demand the constitution of a global democratic government that would aim not only to overcome internal threats with the global economic order, the defense of the global environment, the conquest of world peace and the defense against current and future pandemics, but, also, to create the conditions to face external threats coming from space whose global actions to neutralize them are impossible to be carried out by national states alone and by current international institutions.
Internal and external threats to humanity also require the building of a new model of society that allows civilized coexistence among all human beings. The model of society that would allow to achieve this objective would be the Nordic or Scandinavian model of social democracy, practiced in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland, which could be better described as a kind of middle ground between capitalism and socialism. In 2013, The Economist magazine stated that the Nordic countries are probably the best governed countries in the world. The UN World Happiness Report 2019 shows that the happiest nations in the world are concentrated in Northern Europe. According to the 2019 Happiness Report, Finland is the happiest country in the world, with Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and The Netherlands holding the next top positions. Nordics have the highest ranking in real GDP per capita, the longest healthy life expectancy, the greatest freedom to make life choices and the greatest generosity. Despite their differences, Scandinavian countries share some features in common: a universalist welfare state that is geared towards improving individual autonomy, promoting social mobility and ensuring the universal provision of basic human rights and stabilizing the economy. It is also distinguished by its emphasis on labor force participation, promoting gender equality, reducing social inequality, extensive levels of benefits to the population and great magnitude of wealth redistribution.
REFERENCES
ALCOFORADO, Fernando. Energia no mundo e no Brasil. Curitiba: Editora CRV, 2015.
______________________. Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo. Curitiba: Editora CRV, 2019.
______________________. Articles published on the website <https://fernandoalcoforado.academia.edu/research> with the following titles:
- The end of the world capitalist system in the middle of the 21st century
- The future of capitalism• Planet Earth and its limits on the use of natural resources
- Water in the world and its gigantic problems
- The issue of water in the world and its immense challenges
- The circular economy to avoid depletion of the planet Earth’s natural resources
- Global climate change and its solutions
- How to prepare cities against extreme weather events• How to make cities sustainable
- New sources of energy and energy efficiency to prevent catastrophic global climate change
- The world towards the 4th World War
- How to eliminate war in the world
- Why another world is necessary and possible
- How to build a scenario of peace and cooperation between nations and peoples
- Chaos in international relations requires world government
- The world government to face the great challenges of humanity in the 21st century
- Coronavirus and its impacts on the world economy
- The world after Coronavirus
- Threats to life on Earth coming from space
- The three major threats to humanity in the 21st century
- Humanity’s strategies for dealing with internal and external threats to planet Earth
- Why the Moon is important for life on planet Earth
- How planet Earth works
- The Sun and its importance for life on planet Earth
- The future of the Universe and humanity
- Science and advances in knowledge about the Universe
KAKU, Michio. Mundos paralelos. Rio: Editora Rocco Ltda., 2005.
- World Happiness Report 2019.
* Fernando Alcoforado, 80, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).
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