Fernando Alcoforado*
This text is a summary of the article, published on various websites in Brazil and abroad in Portuguese, English and French, which aims to present possible strategies to save humanity with the death of the Sun and the collision of the Andromeda and Via Lactea galaxies. where the solar system is located. Regarding the death of the Sun, it is important, first of all, to note that it appeared about 4.6 billion years ago, being one of the more than 100 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy orbiting around the center of this galaxy at a distance of about 24 to 26 thousand light years from the galactic center. The Milky Way is one of the galaxies in the Universe where the solar system is located, which gathers a set of planets like the Earth that revolves around the Sun. The Andromeda Galaxy is one of the most brilliant galaxies in the Universe. With a diameter of 250,000 light years, it is twice the size of the Milky Way. Andromeda is 2.5 million light years from Earth, and this galaxy is attracting itself to the Via Lactea thanks to the gravitational force that acts between the two. Andromeda sails towards the Milky Way at a speed of 402,366 kilometers per hour, and the collision process of the two galaxies is expected to last more than two billion years. The end result will be a new supergalaxy in an elliptical shape.
It is scientifically known that all life on Earth will disappear when our Sun reaches the end of its existence within 4 billion years by becoming a red giant that will swallow the Earth. Astronomers’ calculations indicate that when the Sun becomes a red giant, the diameter of the Sun at its equator will overtake the planet Mars, consuming all the rocky planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. And this will, in fact, be the end of planet Earth. The death of the stars occurs when they are already at an advanced stage of their life and considerably increase their mass due to the end of their hydrogen, generally reaching up to 8 times the mass of our Sun. When this happens, the solar system becomes chaos and the Sun loses a tremendous amount of mass. As it grows, the Sun loses mass and dies, ending our solar system.
Four years ago, NASA scientists revealed that the collision of our galaxy Via Lactea with Andromeda – the closest neighbor – is inevitable and will happen in approximately four billion years. This prediction was made possible by measurements made by the Hubble space telescope while monitoring the motion of Andromeda, located 2.5 million light years from Earth. Both galaxies are attracting each other thanks to the force of gravity that acts between bodies. According to NASA, the Solar System would not be in danger of being destroyed with this impact of astronomical proportions, but the Sun will likely be “dragged” to a new region of the resulting galaxy and the Earth will certainly feel the impacts of its displacement.
Humanity’s survival depends on the ability of human beings to find scientific and technological solutions to deal not only with immediate threats of collision with planet Earth from asteroids, comets and pieces of comets, planets in the solar system and orphaned planets from space sidereal, the continuous increase distance of the Moon in relation to the Earth and the emission of cosmic rays, but also, with non-immediate threats related to the disappearance of the Earth with the death of the Sun and the collision between the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies.
Before the death of the Sun, humanity should leave the solar system and reach a new planet in another planetary system that is habitable for human beings. Among several exoplanets, the most viable is the exoplanet “Proxima b” orbiting the closest star to the Sun that is part of the Alpha Centauri system which is 4.2 light years from Earth. To deal with the collision between the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies, before its occurrence, it is quite important that there are several teams of astronomers around the world dedicated to deepening the analysis of the collision between galaxies to measure the real consequences on planet Earth for the adoption of measures before this collision aimed at the flight of humans to a habitable planet in a closer galaxy like the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy located 25,000 light years from Earth which is a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way located in the Canis Major Constellation or the Large Magellanic Cloud that is 163 thousand light-years from Earth. Among all the known components of the local group, the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy is currently considered the closest to Earth. To reach a habitable planet in this galaxy or in the Large Magellanic Cloud, it will require a great scientific and technological advance.
If the scientific and technological challenge is immense to make it possible for human beings to escape to reach a new planet in another planetary system that is habitable for human beings such as “Proxima b” orbiting the closest star to the Sun that is part of the Alpha Centauri system, located 4.2 light-years from Earth, an even greater challenge would be to make it possible for humans to flee to reach a planet in a galaxy such as the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy located 25,000 light-years away or the Large Magellanic Cloud located at 163 thousand light-years from Earth because it would need to promote great scientific and technological advancement [9] and increase the biological capacity of human beings to survive in environments outside the Earth [8].
Just as it is important to have a world government to coordinate humanity’s survival strategies with national governments to combat chaos in the global economy, environmental degradation and international conflicts, in dealing with natural disasters of regional and global scope such as earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions, to deal with issues related to the collision of bodies coming from outer space, as well as facing the cosmic rays and dealing with the consequences resulting from the continuous increase of distance of the Moon from the Earth, the same applies in the case of coordinating strategies to deal with the consequences resulting from the death of the Sun and the collision of the Andromeda and Via Lactea galaxies. No national government, however powerful it may be, will be able to carry out the herculean task of saving humanity from the threats that exist on planet Earth, as well as those that exist in outer space. In addition, national governments, especially the most powerful, would favor the survival of their populations and not all of humanity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a world democratic government and a world parliament to carry out the noble task of saving humanity from all internal threats to planet Earth and those existing in outer space.
To read the full article, access the websites Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/falcoforado/), Academia.edu (https://www.academia.edu/45427653/HOW_TO_SAVE_HUMANITY_WITH_THE_DEATH_OF_THE_SUN_AND_THE_COLLISION_OF_THE_ANDR%C3%94MEDA_AND_VIA_LACTEA_GALAXIES), SlideShare (https://pt.slideshare.net/falcoforado/how-to-save-humanity-with-the-death-of-the-sun-and-the-collision-of-the-andrmeda-and-via-lactea-galaxies), Twitter @BLOGFALCOFORADO (https://twitter.com/blogfalcoforado), and the website <https: // fernandoalcoforado.academia.edu/research> .
This same article was published on the same websites listed below in Portuguese with the title COMO SALVAR A HUMANIDADE COM A MORTE DO SOL E A COLISÃO DAS GALÁXIAS ANDRÔMEDA E VIA LACTEA and in French with the title COMMENT SAUVER L’HUMANITÉ AVEC LA MORT DU SOLEIL ET LA COLLISION DES GALAXIES D’ANDRÔMEDA ET VIA LACTEA as we have done with the articles previously published.
* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).
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