Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to point out what and how to do to celebrate peace in the war between Russia and Ukraine and make wars come to a definitive end on our planet, fulfilling Immanuel Kant’s dream expressed in his work “Perpetual Peace” and the dream of all lovers of peace to perpetuate it in the world we live in. The war between Russia and Ukraine will only end if its causes are eliminated. There are two causes of the war: 1) the expansion of NATO, a western military alliance, towards the borders of Russia, promoting the siege of this country; and, 2) the desire of the government of Ukraine to join NATO that would complete the siege of Russia making this country vulnerable. These were the two reasons that contributed to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine to overthrow the far-right government presided over by Volodymyr Zelenskyy and eliminate the threat of Ukraine joining NATO. Attempts to celebrate peace between the governments of Russia and Ukraine have made no progress and what is observed is an increase in the bloodbath of soldiers on both sides and of the Ukrainian civilian population, an increase in refugees and the destruction of the Ukraine’s infrastructure by Russian bombing. The celebration of peace in Ukraine did not produce any progress because the governments of the United States and Russia would have to negotiate it, because only these governments would have the capacity to eliminate the causes of the war.
There is an urgent need to conclude a peace agreement between Presidents Biden and Putin to end the war in Ukraine because the war between Russia and Ukraine could evolve into a conflict that would spread across Europe and the world, turning into a world war. If this occurs, it would pave the way for the involvement of major military powers with unforeseeable consequences with the use of nuclear weapons. Everyone needs to understand that the war in Ukraine is the scene of the dispute between Russia and the United States. On the one hand, we have the United States that wants a NATO presence in Ukraine and, on the other hand, we have Russia that does not want a NATO presence in Ukraine. The war in Ukraine will only end if Biden and Putin reach an agreement to end the conflict between Russia and the United States. The initial agreement between Biden and Putin could be for Russia to accept a ceasefire in Ukraine on the condition that the United States abandon the desire for Ukraine’s incorporation into NATO. The definitive agreement would be for Russia to end its hostilities in Ukraine by liberating that country and assuming the burden of rebuilding what was destroyed by the war on the condition that the United States and NATO abandon the Eastern European countries and commit to removing the economic and financial sanctions adopted against Russia.
The deal between Biden and Putin would be good for Ukraine, Russia, the United States, Europe and the world. Ukraine would gain from this agreement because it would end the suffering of its population, avoid military occupation by Russia, regain its sovereignty over the national territory and have the reconstruction of the country carried out by Russia. Russia would gain from this agreement because there would be the removal of the economic and financial sanctions adopted against it by the United States and its western allies, there would be the abandonment of NATO’s claim to Ukraine be one of its member countries and the commitment of the United States and NATO to abandon 14 Eastern European countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania and the Czech Republic). The United States would gain from the agreement because the destabilization of its world economy would no longer occur. Europe would gain from the agreement because the threat of ceasing supplies of Russian oil and natural gas and destabilizing its economies would disappear. The world would gain from the agreement because the destabilization of the world economy would no longer occur, with serious repercussions on the economies of all countries, and the threat of a new world war that would lead to the end of the human species would disappear.
For Biden and Putin to conclude this peace agreement, it is necessary that the UN, through its secretary general, come out of its passivity in the search for world peace and that China and all peace-loving countries mobilize towards its realization. To definitively ward off new risks of a new world war and to achieve perpetual peace on our planet, it would be necessary to reform the current international system, which is incapable of guaranteeing world peace. The new international system was supposed to work based on a Planetary Social Contract. The Planetary Social Contract would be the Constitution of planet Earth. For the elaboration of the Planetary Social Contract, there should be the convening of a World Constituent Assembly with the participation of representatives from all the countries of the world elected for this purpose. The Planetary Social Contract should establish the existence of a world government whose president should be elected with more than 50% of the votes of the world Parliament to be constituted.
To ensure democratic practice and governability on planet Earth, world power should be exercised by the world Parliament that, in addition to electing the President of the world government, should draft and approve international laws based on the Planetary Social Contract. The world Parliament should be composed of a determined and equal number of democratically elected representatives of each country for this purpose. The President of the World Government will only exercise the command of the World Government as long as he has the support of the majority of the parliament If, by majority of the parliament, there is a need to replace the President of the World Government this must be done. The world government must have an organizational structure capable of dealing with international relations, the military issue, the global economy, the global environment, education, health, infrastructure, science and technology, among others, to dialogue with the world parliament and the countries that make up the international system.
Parliamentarians should elect the governing body of the world Parliament, which would have an appropriate organizational structure. The World Supreme Court should be composed of high-level jurists from the world chosen by the world Parliament who would act for a determined time who would elect the President of the Court to fulfill a mandate for a determined time. The World Supreme Court should judge cases involving disputes between countries, crimes against humanity and against nature practiced by national States and by rulers in the light of the Planetary Social Contract, judge conflicts that exist between the world Government and the world Parliament and act as guardian of the Planetary Social Contract. The world Government will not have its own Armed Forces, having to rely on the support of the Armed Forces of the countries that would be summoned when necessary.
Therefore, with this system the world Parliament would successfully legislate through a democratic process. There would be no need for an entity that would act as the world’s police officer because the one who would exercise power would be the President of the world Government who would use the Armed Forces of certain countries that would be summoned when necessary. The new rule of international law would be enforced by the three constituted powers: World Government, World Parliament and World Supreme Court. The world power would rest in the world Government, the world Parliament and the world Supreme Court. World power would not corrupt and would not be corrupted because there would be surveillance by all the constituted powers. World Government, world Parliament and world Supreme Court would act as checks and balances for the efficiency and effectiveness of the international system.
These are, therefore, the measures that should be adopted in the short term to end the war in Ukraine and, in the medium and long term, to definitively end wars in the world.
* Fernando Alcoforado, 82, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019) and A humanidade ameaçada e as estratégias para sua sobrevivência (Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021) .
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