Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to present the characteristics of the mayor that the population of Salvador needs to elect in the next elections, whose government program is capable of overcoming the current gigantic problems and neutralizing the threats to its future development for the benefit of the entire population of the city. Salvador is a low-income regional metropolis with economic indicators well below those of the metropolises and metropolitan regions of the South and Southeast of Brazil. Salvador is the Brazilian capital with the highest unemployment, lowest income and greater violence. In the formation of Salvador’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product), agriculture contributes 0.06%, industry 20.99% and services 78.94%. Therefore, it can be seen that Salvador is a city that predominantly provides services. Salvador’s economy is, indisputably, a service economy strongly supported by tourism, real estate and services of the most diverse nature. Salvador’s economic structure, with the services sector playing a major role, is reflected in its employment structure. The vast majority of the workforce is employed in the trade and services sector. In the industrial sector, construction stands out.
Between 1970 and 1985, Salvador was among the most dynamic metropolises in the country, alongside Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Fortaleza and Belém. However, the GDP growth of the capital of Bahia and its metropolitan region slowed down, compared to the GDPs of the most active capitals in the country, between 1985 and 2023, losing ground in relation to Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Brasília and Fortaleza. Specifically, and according to the website G1.GLOBO.COM, Salvador’s GDP fell in 2021 from 12th to 14th largest in Brazil, with GDP per capita being the lowest among Brazilian capitals. Salvador’s GDP per capita, which is the average value added by individuals, was estimated at R$21,706.00, which places Salvador with the lowest rate among all capitals in Brazil [1].
Salvador is the capital with the worst rates of poverty, violence and unemployment in Brazil, according to UOL [2]. Social indicators of the 26 Brazilian capitals show the city of Salvador (BA) in last place in income, employment and public safety indexes. Salvador was the last in the country in 7 of the 40 social indicators analyzed by the Map of Inequalities among Capitals. Salvador has 11% of the population below the poverty line (289 thousand people), a number ten times higher when compared to Florianópolis (SC), the capital that stood out with the best rate in the same indicator. Salvador stands out as the worst capital in the malnutrition index, with 4% of children under 5 years of age suffering from malnutrition. The city had its worst performance in unemployment rates, with 16.7% of the population unemployed (267 thousand unemployed). Violence rates also place the capital of Bahia in the last positions. In 2022, Salvador was the capital with the second highest homicide rate, with 1,568 murders recorded in the city, second only to Macapá (AP), and Salvador is the first in Brazil in homicides of young people, aged 15 to 29, with 322.5 deaths per 100 thousand inhabitants. According to the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (Pnad Contínua), carried out in 2022 [3], Salvador has the 10th lowest average salary among the country’s capitals, with income reaching R$2,817.00. Salvador’s economic profile reveals that 37.5% work informally (651 thousand workers) [4].
All these indicators demonstrate the failure of Salvador’s municipal administrations in the past and present and the need for future administrations to act effectively in the economic and social development of the capital of Bahia. All of this imposes the need to implement effective strategies aimed at promoting the economic development of Salvador, reducing its social inequalities and generating employment and income in the city. In addition, it is necessary to adopt strategies aimed at rationalizing Salvador’s urban mobility, eliminate or reduce its urban infrastructure deficits, intervening in the formulation of the Salvador-Itaparica bridge project, preparing the city to face extreme climate events and transforming Salvador into a smart and sustainable city.
Salvador’s economic progress will only be fully realized if the municipal government plans and develops projects to develop its domestic economy and promote economic exchange with other cities in Bahia, Brazil, and abroad to boost its economy. The development of Salvador’s domestic economy requires the implementation of strategies to develop tourism, the construction industry, and the production of goods and services in Salvador, to replace imports with the production of imported goods and services in Salvador, as well as to revitalize the old city center by recovering buildings in ruins and restoring monuments that contribute to raising employment and income levels in the city of Salvador. The development of economic exchange with other cities in Bahia, Brazil and abroad requires that strategies be implemented to create the conditions for Salvador to become capable of offering goods and services that can be increasingly exported to other regions of Bahia and even to other states, notably in the areas of education (higher education) and health (medical center), transform Salvador into a national export center of higher education services based on culture and knowledge, promote the aggregation in Salvador of services of the most diverse nature to meet the demand of the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Recôncavo and Feira de Santana, where a robust production park is concentrated, as well as the demand of the entire State of Bahia, and maximize the economic interconnections of Salvador with the world market by increasing the exports of goods and services produced in the city and in other regions of Bahia shipped in Salvador, which would contribute to raising the levels of employment and income of the Municipality of Salvador and the State of Bahia.
Social progress will only happen in Salvador when the City Hall fully meets the basic human needs of its citizens, ensuring that the vast majority of its citizens improve their quality of life and well-being and ensuring that all its inhabitants reach their full potential by offering the entire population the opportunities necessary for their growth. First of all, the municipal government of Salvador needs to create the conditions to reduce or eliminate existing income inequalities, the unemployment rate (267,000 unemployed), the number of people below the poverty line (289,000 people), the number of people living in favelas (835,008 favela residents) and the number of people living on the streets (3,200 homeless people) by adopting strategies aimed at combating unemployment by boosting the city’s economy, planning and developing projects to develop the internal economy and economic exchange with other cities in Bahia, Brazil and abroad, as described above, and, in addition, promoting job creation with “Creative Economy” and “Social and Solidarity Economy” programs, as well as adopting a strategy aimed at reducing poverty by implementing a basic income policy or universal minimum income for the poor population, in addition to the federal government’s Bolsa Família program. To eliminate or reduce poverty rates in Salvador, it is necessary to first adopt a basic income or universal minimum income policy for the poor population. The municipal government should complement the federal government’s Bolsa Família program by giving free money to the poor to alleviate or eliminate poverty. Among the reasons for this idea to become a reality is that distributing money reduces crime, improves the health of the population, allows beneficiaries to invest in themselves, and increases the demand for goods and services in the city. To combat unemployment, the City Hall should boost the city’s economy by planning and developing projects to develop the internal economy and economic exchange with other cities in Bahia, Brazil, and abroad, as described above, and, in addition, by promoting job creation with “Creative Economy” and “Social and Solidarity Economy” programs. With the “Creative Economy”, which deals with creativity, knowledge and information, activities that combine the creation, production and commercialization of creative goods of a cultural and innovative nature, such as Fashion, Art, Digital Media, Advertising, Journalism, Photography and Architecture, should be encouraged. With the “Social and Solidarity Economy”, which is a new mode of production focused on job creation, activities that generate work and income would be encouraged in various sectors, such as community banks, credit unions, family farming cooperatives, fair trade, exchange clubs, etc.
The City Hall of Salvador needs to adopt strategies to streamline urban mobility in a city whose transportation system is poorly rated by the population. Since 2015, Salvador’s urban public transportation system has been operated by three consortiums that bring together 17 bus companies, whose service is among the worst in Brazil, characterized by delays, overcrowding, and poor fleet conditions. There are increasing reports of overcrowding, constant delays, lack of buses, and poor cleanliness and infrastructure. The subway is an important benefit for the population of Salvador and Lauro de Freitas, since the integration between the two conurbated cities has become much faster, also reducing travel time spent on some of the main structural axes of the capital of Bahia. However, it still has many shortcomings, especially with regard to full access to this service by the city’s poor population, who generally live in the outlying popular neighborhoods, which are far from these urban mobility axes via mass transit. Those who are closer to these urban mobility axes, in turn, do not have easy access. There are many reasons for these deficiencies, but two of the main ones are the poor choice of the subway route and the elevated layout of some sections, which makes accessibility around the stations precarious, since pedestrian paths had to be elevated by means of footbridges and are disconnected from the rest of the transport system, making accessibility difficult and creating an uncomfortable and unsafe environment. Due to the city’s morphology, the formation of Salvador’s road system contributed greatly to the lack of coordination between the subway, which operates on the valley floor roads, and the bus lines that operate on the ridge roads where many of the city’s peripheral neighborhoods are located. This is how the peripheral areas are integrated with the central areas, in addition to integration with other modes of transport.
In addition to the discussion on means of transport, the debate on urban mobility is intertwined with the debate on the right to the city, as many social movements have been demanding in recent years. The problem of urban mobility in large Brazilian cities currently focuses on the number of hours spent commuting between home and work, as well as on ensuring the necessary conditions for using services and the obstacles faced in doing so. This problem arises from the historical context in which Brazilian cities were formed, with urbanization spatially reflecting the hegemonic articulations of financial, economic, political and institutional agents, generating an extremely unequal and segregated urban space. In the context of urban mobility, this inequality is also expressed through a city that faces precarious transport, with the dismantling of the bus system, and commutes that penalize all residents, but especially the poorest and those living in peripheral areas. This is a consequence of a city that centralizes services and job opportunities and spatially disperses homes, forcing the vast majority of the population to make long journeys in a public transport system of low quality and efficiency.
In the case of Salvador, as in most Brazilian cities, there is a network of paved streets that, for the most part, are only used by cars. If these streets were rationally shared with other modes of transport, the city would benefit greatly. The worst thing that can be done for a city is to let cars circulate freely, because they take up more and more space, as is currently the case in Salvador. It would be important for the city government not to create more infrastructure in Salvador so that more cars can move around. Salvador’s urban mobility plan should focus on high-quality mass public transport with the various modes of transport interconnected. In Salvador, there should be an urban toll system similar to that of Amsterdam and London, for example. Anyone who wants to drive in the city center would have to pay a fee. To discourage the use of private vehicles, the city government should implement a high-capacity public transport system interconnected with each other. Salvador should control traffic on the large arterial avenues – those that connect neighborhoods – which should have their infrastructure improved so that they concentrate all the flow of cars. Parking lots in the city center of Salvador should be eliminated and concentrated in peripheral areas so that the old and new city centers are free from traffic jams. This measure would be combined with an attempt to develop urban amenities in the city’s peripheral areas, with the creation of schools, shopping centers, and services. The urban mobility plan in Salvador should emphasize the need for people to be able to live close to their workplaces, and the expansion of public transportation should be carried out with subways, BRTs, and VLTs, among other modes. In Salvador, it is essential to consider the problem of urban mobility in order to produce a more just, democratic, and sustainable city, considering the macro and micro scope of the center-periphery relations and local accessibility. The precariousness and high prices of public transportation for low-income populations require the City Hall to subsidize the public transportation system, which is not viable without public funding that is, it is not financially sustainable with the fare paid only by users. No transportation system in the world operates without subsidies. To make subsidies viable, the City Hall needs to seek additional revenue for public transportation, such as commercial points at stations and advertising on buses or trains, charge tolls for cars going to the city center, and use the resources from parking revenue. In cases such as the installation of a subway and BRT and VLT systems, the City Hall should enter into a public-private partnership (PPP) with the private sector investing resources initially (which the public sector may not have available) and then benefiting from them in the future. The Salvador City Council approved a Bill that authorizes the granting of a budget subsidy to the public transportation service in the capital of Bahia, valid until December 31, 2024 and limited to a total of R$205 million. Of this amount, R$190 million would be allocated to the concessionaires of the public passenger transportation service by conventional bus and R$15 million to the licensees of the Special Complementary Transportation Subsystem (STEC). This subsidy needs to be renewed and increased for future years. Furthermore, it is necessary to rationalize Salvador’s transportation system by planning investments and adopting policies that ensure effective coordination between the subway that runs along the valley bottom roads and the bus lines that run along the ridge roads where many of the city’s peripheral neighborhoods are located.
The City Hall needs to eliminate or reduce the deficiencies in Salvador’s urban infrastructure. These deficiencies occur in the 286 favelas located in risk areas, with a lack of adequate basic sanitation (sanitation in Salvador is non-existent for approximately 600,000 inhabitants), precarious services for the collection, transportation and final disposal of solid waste (the garbage of 93,906 inhabitants is not collected), insufficient investment in education, health and public housing, and uncontrollable pollution of water, soil and air. Public education in Salvador is in the process of being scrapped and the percentage of resources applied to education, 25.69%, is the lowest in recent years [11]. Educational units have accumulated problems with a lack of teachers and deficient infrastructure that harm students’ learning [12]. In Salvador, it is common to hear complaints about the poor quality of education, the lack of uniforms and inadequate nutrition in schools. Furthermore, the feeling of insecurity and the lack of infrastructure in certain areas of the city affect the performance and productivity of students in local public schools. Salvador is the capital that spends the least, proportionally, on public health for its inhabitants in the country [14]. Salvador still has insufficient basic health care coverage, both in terms of quantity and problem-solving [13]. The population suffers from gaps in basic health care and the high geographic concentration of specialized services. Currently, coverage by family health teams and basic units reaches only 51% of the population. Oral health coverage in basic health care is only 20.32%. Public health in Salvador is collapsing because Salvador City Hall only has one hospital located in the Boca da Mata neighborhood. Almost all of Salvador’s hospital beds are the responsibility of the State Health Department and the private sector. According to the João Pinheiro Foundation, Salvador and the metropolitan region have a deficit of more than 110,615 housing units, according to the João Pinheiro Foundation, considering the period from 2016 to 2019 [15].. Bahia ranks first in the Northeast in terms of housing deficit and fourth in the national ranking. In Salvador, the number of vacant homes exceeds the demand for new housing units. Data from the 2022 Census indicate that the capital of Bahia currently has 198,924 vacant homes. The housing deficit is measured by considering homeless people, those living in precarious housing conditions, and also what can be called family clusters, when several families share a residence due to the inability to establish themselves independently. The City Hall of Salvador will have to raise the investments in basic sanitation, in the collection, transportation and final disposal of solid waste, in the control of water, soil and air pollution and in education, public health and social housing services to address existing deficiencies. In the case of affordable housing, the City Hall must make efforts to ensure that existing vacant homes are used to meet the lack of housing units.
The Salvador City Hall needs to intervene in the formulation of the Salvador-Itaparica bridge project under study by the state government to prevent its impact on the city from being extremely harmful. From an urban planning standpoint, the Salvador-Itaparica Bridge is likely to worsen the traffic problems currently faced by Salvador, since the connection between the bridge and the city will likely become a new bottleneck because it favors road transport. The bridge will attract widespread demand for motor vehicles throughout the RMS and not just in the capital. In this scenario, the quality of life of Salvador’s residents would be negatively affected. Two lanes are planned for public transportation, which could be Light Rail Vehicles (VLT) or Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). This mode, however, would only be implemented after the bridge is completed, in another investment project that, from what has been reported, is not a priority. This is the opinion of professors Francisco Lima Cruz Teixeira and Sílvio Vanderlei Araújo Sousa [5]. Paulo Ormindo de Azevedo [6] states that a study carried out on the bridge’s layout by the Bahia Engineering Academy revealed serious errors, such as the inability of the Expressway to absorb the bridge’s flow and its impact on the center of the city of Salvador. To solve this problem, the Bahia Engineering Academy suggests three alternatives connecting the bridge directly to BR 324 and Via Metropolitana, without impacting the city and the urban landscape.
The City of Salvador needs to prepare the city to face extreme weather events such as heavy rains and floods resulting from rising sea levels because of global climate change. The occurrence of heavy rains requires the adoption of measures aimed at protecting the city’s slopes and the development of drainage systems capable of preventing flooding caused by rain. To face extreme weather events in Salvador, flood control must be implemented, which involves all methods used to reduce or prevent the harmful effects of water action. Some of the common techniques used to control flooding include the installation of rock berms to help stabilize slopes to hold blocks, rock riprap or stone riprap, sandbags, maintenance of normal slopes with vegetation or application of cement on soil with steeper slopes, and construction or expansion of drainage. Other methods include dikes, dams, retention or detention basins [7]. The impact of flooding on Salvador from 2030 onwards resulting from rising sea levels because of global warming and climate change was confirmed by a study carried out by Climate Central, which shows the regions that may be below sea level in a few years [8]. Areas of Salvador and the metropolitan region, such as the beaches of Boa Viagem (Salvador), Buraquinho (Lauro de Freitas) and Busca Vida (Camaçari) will be flooded, in addition to Ilha da Maré, which appears completely submerged. Given these threats, what can be done to deal with rising sea levels? The First Street Foundation offers answers [9] such as building seawalls, using beaches and dunes as barriers, raising road levels above sea level, using stormwater pumping, creating natural structures such as barrier islands, and managed population relocation.
The City Hall needs to transform Salvador into a smart and sustainable city. Salvador will only achieve the status of a smart city [10] when its managers consider it as a system and use information technology in their planning and control processes, with the effective support of its population. Every smart city requires the use of information technology with the use of several devices connected to the IoT (Internet of Things) network to manage the city’s operations and services in a rational way and connect with its citizens. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a technological revolution that aims to connect everyday items to the World Wide Web. Its use in city management is one of the main global trends, as it can be used in solutions ranging from monitoring public lighting, pedestrians, cyclists, motor vehicles, public transportation, education and health services, among others. IoT will lead to a reduction in the waste of public resources in cities. Salvador will only achieve the status of a sustainable city if it adopts an economic and social development policy that is compatible with the natural and built environment. Salvador will only achieve the status of a sustainable city [10] if the city is guided by planning and controlling land use in order to avoid the degradation of natural resources. Salvador will be sustainable when it has clear and comprehensive policies for sanitation, waste collection and treatment, water management, with collection, treatment, conservation and reuse, transportation systems that prioritize high-quality and safe mass transit, actions that preserve and expand green areas and the use of clean and renewable energy and, above all, transparent public administration that is shared with organized civil society.
Unfortunately, none of the candidates for mayor of Salvador have incorporated into their government plans the entire set of strategies outlined above to overcome the current gigantic problems and neutralize the threats to its future development for the benefit of the entire population of the city. The future mayor of Salvador should adopt the strategies described above, without which the future of the city and its population will be compromised.
REFERENCES
1. G1.GLOBO.COM. PIB de Salvador cai de 12º para 14º maior do Brasil; PIB per capita segue o menor entre as capitais do país. Available on the website <https://g1.globo.com/ba/bahia/noticia/2023/12/16/pib-de-salvador-cai-de-12o-para-14o-maior-do-brasil-pib-per-capita-segue-o-menor-entre-as-capitais-do-pais.ghtml>.
2. NEVES, Rafael e MADEIRO, Carlos. Salvador é a capital com piores taxas de pobreza, violência e desemprego. Available on the website <https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2024/03/26/mapa-da-desigualdade-indicadores-renda-violencia-desemprego-salvador.htm>.
3. SOUZA, João. Na Bahia, trabalhadores têm o 3º salário mais baixo do país; veja perfil. Available on the website <https://g1.globo.com/ba/bahia/noticia/2023/05/01/na-bahia-trabalhadores-tem-o-3o-salario-mais-baixo-do-pais-veja-perfil.ghtml>.
4. PORTALUMBU.COM.BR. Perfil econômico de Salvador revela 37,5% trabalhando na informalidade e força do turismo para a geração de receita. Available on the website <https://portalumbu.com.br/perfil-economico-de-salvador-revela-375-trabalhando-na-informalidade-e-forca-do-turismo-para-a-geracao-de-receita/>.
5. TEIXEIRA, Francisco Lima Cruz e SOUSA, Sílvio Vanderlei Araújo. Infraestrutura e desenvolvimento: o que se pode esperar da Ponte Salvador-Itaparica? Available on the website <http://observatorio.ufba.br/arquivos/ponteSVO.pdf>.
6. AZEVEDO, Paulo Ormindo de. Já que é inevitável, que não seja violento! Published in the newspaper A Tarde on 04/16/2023.
7. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. Sustainability in flood management. Chapter from the book Flood Handbook. Published by CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, United States, 2022.
8. MARTINS, Bruna. Mapa mostra áreas de Salvador submersas em 2030. Available on the website <https://casavogue.globo.com/um-so-planeta/noticia/2021/08/mapa-que-mostra-areas-de-salvador-submersas-em-2030-viraliza-nas-redes-sociais.html>, 2021.
9. FIRST STREET FOUNDATION. Solving for Sea Level Rise. Available on the website <https://medium.com/firststreet/solving-for-sea-level-rise-b95600751525>.
10. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. Como construir cidades inteligentes e sustentáveis. Available on the website <https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/como-construir-cidades-inteligentes-e-sustent%C3%A1veis-alcoforado/>.
11. RODRIGUES, Marta. A educação pública em Salvador está em processo de sucateamento. Available on the website <https://www.brasildefatoba.com.br/2022/03/10/a-educacao-publica-em-salvador-esta-em-processo-de-sucateamento>.
12. FAROL DA BAHIA. Falta tudo: escolas de educação em tempo integral de Salvador são alvos de reclamações de pais e responsáveis. Available on the website <https://www.faroldabahia.com.br/noticia/falta-tudo-escolas-de-educacao-em-tempo-integral-de-salvador-sao-alvos-de-reclamacoes-de-pais-e-responsaveis#google_vignette>.
13. Souza, gisélia Santana. Saúde e qualidade de vida. Available on the website <https://grabois.org.br/2020/07/16/saude-e-qualidade-de-vida-em-salvador/>.
14. CREMEB. Salvador é a capital brasileira que menos investe em saúde, revela estudo. Available on the website <https://www.cremeb.org.br/index.php/noticias/salvador-e-a-capital-brasileira-que-menos-investe-em-saude-revela-estudo/>.
15. A TARDE. Salvador tem déficit de mais de 110 mil moradias. Disponível no website <https://atarde.com.br/bahia/bahiasalvador/salvador-tem-deficit-de-mais-de-110-mil-moradias-1236335>.
* Fernando Alcoforado, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member of the SBPC- Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science, IPB- Polytechnic Institute of Bahia and of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer from the UFBA Polytechnic School and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, college professor (Engineering, Economy and Administration) and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional planning, urban planning and energy systems, was Advisor to the Vice President of Engineering and Technology at LIGHT S.A. Electric power distribution company from Rio de Janeiro, Strategic Planning Coordinator of CEPED- Bahia Research and Development Center, Undersecretary of Energy of the State of Bahia, Secretary of Planning of Salvador, is the author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019), A humanidade ameaçada e as estratégias para sua sobrevivência (Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021), A escalada da ciência e da tecnologia e sua contribuição ao progresso e à sobrevivência da humanidade (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2022), a chapter in the book Flood Handbook (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida United States, 2022), How to protect human beings from threats to their existence and avoid the extinction of humanity (Generis Publishing, Europe, Republic of Moldova, Chișinău, 2023), A revolução da educação necessária ao Brasil na era contemporânea (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2023), Como construir um mundo de paz, progresso e felicidade para toda a humanidade (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2024) and How to build a world of peace, progress and happiness for all humanity (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2024).
Site Title 