Author: falcoforado

Fernando Alcoforado*

This article is the first of seven articles that will have as their central theme the salvation of humanity from the threats that exist on planet Earth and, also, those from outer space. In addition to this article, the following articles will be presented, in order:

• How to save humanity from natural disasters caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and eruption of volcanoes

• How to save humanity from the collision on planet Earth of bodies from outer space

• How to save humanity from the cosmic rays that can devastate life on planet Earth and threaten human beings in space travel

• How to save humanity from the catastrophic consequences of the continual increase in the distance from the Moon to Earth 

• How to save humanity with the death of the Sun and the collision of the Andromeda and Via Lactea galaxies

• How to save humanity with the end of the Universe

This article whose theme is “How to save humanity from social, economic, environmental and wars devastation in the 21st century” aims to propose the adoption of strategies capable of facing three devastating crises that threaten the future of humanity in the middle of the XXI century. The first crisis is related to the economic and social damage produced by capitalism that will culminate with its predictable end in the middle of the 21st century, the second crisis concerns the worsening of the environmental damage produced by capitalism in the 21st century with the depletion of natural resources, the emergence of new pandemics and catastrophic global climate change, and the third crisis may result from the worsening of conflicts in international relations produced by capitalism that may lead the world to face the multiplicity of localized wars and even a new world war in the XXI century. This article presents the necessary strategies to save humanity from social, economic, environmental devastation and wars in the 21st century, supported by in-depth research on the development of capitalism and its future, on the degradation of the environment and its harmful consequences, as well as about the wars that broke out in human history and may break out in the future.

As a summary of this article, it should be noted that, after analyzing the social, economic, environmental and wars caused by capitalism throughout history and proposing strategies to overcome them, the following conclusions were reached:

The serious economic, social and environmental damage and conflicts in international relations produced by capitalism throughout history, which will continue until its foreseeable end from the middle of the 21st century, point to the need: 1) to build a new model of society to replace it in each country focused on economic stability, social well-being and environmental sustainability; and, 2) the implantation of a democratic world government to order the global economy and the environment and ensure world peace. The incessant degradation of the environment and the catastrophic global climate change point to the need: 1) the adoption of the sustainable development model in each country and globally; and, 2) the implantation of a democratic world government to order the environment. In turn, the escalation of international conflicts produced by capitalism throughout history that tend to multiply in the future indicates the need for the constitution of a democratic world government and a world parliament to eliminate global economic chaos and ensure world peace. These are the main conclusions to avoid that an unprecedented crisis of humanity endangers the human species and life on the planet in the 21st century.

Therefore, in order to save humanity from the social devastation caused by the economic and environmental crises and wars in the 21st century, it is necessary to enable the construction of social democracy along Scandinavian molds in each country in the world with the necessary adaptation and the implantation of a world government adopting the strategy exposed in our book Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (How to invent the future to change the world), published by Editora CRV from Curitiba in 2019, which considers it necessary, at first, to create a World Forum for Peace and the Progress of Humanity by civil society organizations from all over the world countries of the world.

At this World Forum for Peace and the Progress of Humanity, the objectives and strategies of a worldwide movement for the construction of social democracy in Scandinavian molds in each country of the world with the necessary adaptation and the constitution of a democratic government and a world parliament should be discussed and established aiming to sensitize the world population and national governments in order to make a world in which freedom, equality and fraternity prevail in every country in the world and international peace and progress for all humanity. This would be the path that would make it possible to transform the utopia of universal confraternization into reality and end humanity’s calvary.

To read the article, access the website:

https://www.academia.edu/44968937/HOW_TO_SAVE_THE_HUMANITY_OF_SOCIAL_ECONOMIC_ENVIRONMENTAL_AND_WARS_DEVASTATION_IN_THE_21ST_CENTURY

* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic  planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017),  Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).

Fernando Alcoforado*

Este artigo é o primeiro de sete artigos que terão como tema central a salvação da humanidade das ameaças existentes no planeta Terra e, também, daquelas oriundas do espaço sideral. Além deste artigo, serão apresentados, pela ordem, os artigos seguintes:

• Como salvar a humanidade de catástrofes naturais provocadas por terremotos, tsunamis e erupção de vulcões

• Como salvar a humanidade da colisão sobre o planeta Terra de corpos vindos do espaço sideral

• Como salvar a humanidade dos raios cósmicos que podem devastar a vida no planeta Terra e ameaçar os seres humanos em viagens espaciais

• Como salvar a humanidade das consequências catastróficas resultantes do contínuo afastamento da Lua em relação à Terra

• Como salvar a humanidade com a morte do Sol e a colisão das galáxias Andrômeda e Via Lactea

• Como salvar a humanidade com o fim do Universo

Este artigo cujo tema consiste em “Como salvar a humanidade da devastação social, econômica, ambiental e das guerras no século XXI” tem por objetivo propor a adoção de estratégias capazes de fazerem frente a três crises devastadoras que ameaçam o futuro da humanidade em meados do século XXI. A primeira crise está relacionada com os danos econômicos e sociais produzidos pelo capitalismo que culminarão com seu fim previsível em meados do século XXI, a segunda crise diz respeito ao agravamento dos danos ambientais produzidos pelo capitalismo no século XXI com o esgotamento dos recursos naturais, o surgimento de novas pandemias e a mudança climática catastrófica global e, a terceira crise poderá resultar do agravamento dos conflitos nas relações internacionais produzidos pelo capitalismo que poderão levar o mundo a se defrontar com a multiplicidade de guerras localizadas e até mesmo de uma nova guerra mundial no século XXI. Este artigo apresenta as estratégias necessárias para salvar a humanidade da devastação social, econômica, ambiental e das guerras no século XXI se apoiando em pesquisa aprofundada sobre o desenvolvimento do capitalismo e seu futuro, sobre a degradação do meio ambiente e suas nefastas consequências, bem como sobre as guerras que eclodiram na história da humanidade e podem eclodir no futuro.

Como resumo deste artigo, cabe registrar que, após a análise dos danos sociais, econômicos, ambientais e das guerras produzidas pelo capitalismo ao longo da história e propostas de estratégias visando sua superação, chegou-se às conclusões seguintes:

Os graves danos econômicos, sociais e ambientais e de conflitos nas relações internacionais produzidos pelo capitalismo ao longo da história, que continuará até o seu fim previsível a partir de meados do século XXI, apontam a necessidade: 1) da construção de novo modelo de sociedade que venha a substituí-lo em cada país voltado para a estabilidade econômica, o bem-estar social e a sustentabilidade ambiental; e, 2) da implantação de um governo democrático mundial para ordenar a economia global e o meio ambiente e assegurar a paz mundial. A incessante degradação do meio ambiente e a catastrófica mudança climática global apontam a necessidade: 1) da adoção do modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável em cada país e globalmente; e, 2) a implantação de um governo democrático mundial para ordenar o meio ambiente. Por sua vez, a escalada dos conflitos internacionais produzidos pelo capitalismo ao longo da história que tendem a se multiplicar no futuro indicam a necessidade de constituição de um governo democrático mundial e um parlamento mundial para eliminar o caos econômico global e assegurar a paz mundial. Estas são as principais conclusões para evitar que uma crise de humanidade sem precedentes coloque em risco a espécie humana e a vida no planeta no século XXI.

Portanto, para salvar a humanidade da devastação social provocada pelas crises econômica e ambiental e guerras no século XXI, é preciso viabilizar a construção da social democracia nos moldes escandinavos em cada país do mundo com a necessária adaptação e a implantação de um governo mundial adotando a estratégia exposta em nosso livro Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo, publicado pela Editora CRV de Curitiba em 2019, que considera ser preciso, de início, constituir um Fórum Mundial pela Paz e pelo Progresso da Humanidade por organizações da Sociedade Civil de todos os países do mundo.  

Neste Fórum Mundial pela Paz e pelo Progresso da Humanidade deveriam ser debatidos e estabelecidos os objetivos e estratégias de um movimento mundial pela construção da social democracia nos moldes escandinavos em cada país do mundo com a necessária adaptação e pela constituição de um governo democrático e um parlamento mundial visando sensibilizar a população mundial e os governos nacionais no sentido de tornar realidade um mundo em que prevaleça a liberdade, a igualdade e a fraternidade em cada país do mundo e a paz internacional e o progresso para toda a humanidade. Este seria o caminho que tornaria possível transformar a utopia da confraternização universal em realidade e acabar com o calvário da humanidade.   

Para ler o artigo, acessar o website:

https://www.academia.edu/44968959/COMO_SALVAR_A_HUMANIDADE_DA_DEVASTA%C3%87%C3%83O_SOCIAL_ECON%C3%94MICA_AMBIENTAL_E_DAS_GUERRAS_NO_S%C3%89CULO_XXI

Para assistir o vídeo abordando o mesmo tema, acessar o website https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jC5qOqX0kAI&t=3s

* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, condecorado com a Medalha do Mérito da Engenharia do Sistema CONFEA/CREA, membro da Academia Baiana de Educação, engenheiro e doutor em Planejamento Territorial e Desenvolvimento Regional pela Universidade de Barcelona, professor universitário e consultor nas áreas de planejamento estratégico, planejamento empresarial, planejamento regional e planejamento de sistemas energéticos, é autor dos livros Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) e Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).

Fernando Alcoforado*

This article aims to present the real causes of pandemics based on expert opinion and show how to prevent them in the future. The dominant opinion of these experts is that humanity will have to make profound changes in its relationship with nature to prevent new pandemics from happening that threaten its very existence.

The article Mais destruição da natureza, mais pandemias (More destruction of nature, more pandemics), published on the website <https://climainfo.org.br/2020/03/19/mais-destruicao-da-natureza-mais-pandemias/>, informs that the destruction of biodiversity promoted by humanity can create the conditions for the emergence of new viruses with unprecedented transmission power and lethality. Human beings have always lived with pathogens from nature, some beneficial, others mortal. A few were as deadly as the Bubonic Plague and the Spanish Flu. This situation is repeated with the pandemic of the new Coronavirus. In this article, it is also reported that a 2008 survey identified 335 new diseases that emerged between 1960 and 2004, of which 60% came from animals.  

David Quammen, author of Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic, published by The New York Times Book Review, wrote that man invades tropical forests and other wild environments that are home to several species of plants and animals and within these creatures, there are innumerable unknown viruses. By cutting trees, killing animals or caging them and sending them to markets, man destroys ecosystems and spreads viruses from their natural hosts. When that happens, viruses need a new host that is often man himself.

The article Parem de destruir a natureza ou teremos pandemias piores, alerta grupo de cientistas (Stop destroying nature or we will have worse pandemics, warns a group of scientists), published on the website <https://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/coronavirus/parem-de-destruir-natureza-ou-teremos-pandemias-piores-alerta-grupo-de-cientistas-24398235>, signed by professors Josef Settele, Sandra Díaz and Eduardo Brondizio, who led the study on the most comprehensive “planetary health” ever done, informs that “there is a single species responsible for the pandemic of Covid-19: us ”. And, if the destruction of nature does not end, it is likely that even more deadly and destructive diseases will hit humanity in the future, more quickly and more frequently. The alert comes from the world’s leading biodiversity experts. The researchers said that “rampant deforestation, uncontrolled expansion of agriculture, intensive agriculture, mining and infrastructure development, as well as the exploitation of wild species” created what they called a “perfect storm” for the spread of disease.

In the article by Erick Gimenes Ação humana contra o meio ambiente causou a pandemia do coronavírus, diz pesquisador (Human action against the environment caused the coronavirus pandemic, says researcher), published on the website <https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2020/03/18/acao-humana-contra-o-meio-ambiente-causou-a-pandemia-do-coronavirus-diz-pesquisador>, Allan Carlos Pscheidt, doctor of Plant Biodiversity and Environment and professor at the Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas, in São Paulo, says that the destruction of habitats of other animals will make epidemics more and more common. The new Coronavirus has spread across the world thanks to the destructive and invasive action of human beings against nature. The organism that causes Covid-19 has long been in the environment, probably housed in bats native to untouched caves, according to the professor. With the increasing urbanization and consequent human invasion, however, the virus broke its natural cycle and reached other beings, such as man, whose organism is not yet prepared to fight it.

According to the researcher Allan Carlos Pscheidt, the pandemic of the new Coronavirus leaves clear lessons: we urgently need to worry about unbridled consumption, the recurrent destruction of the planet and climate change. The spread of the new Coronavirus is a direct result of this. Pscheidt warns that, in an interconnected world like the one we live in today, viral epidemics must become increasingly common. For him, if we do not evolve into a more conscious and less selfish society, humanity will be decimated by new pandemics. As long as it does not protect nature, humanity will be subject to new pandemics.

The article entitled Especialistas alertam para risco de pandemias globais (Experts warn of the risk of global pandemics), available on the website <https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2019-09/especialistas-alertam-para-risco-de-pandemias-globais?amp>, presents the report A World At Risk, the first annual document prepared by the independent Global Preparedness Monitoring Board – GPMB, which informs that issues such as prolonged international conflicts, national states fragile and forced migrations favor the rapid circulation of lethal viruses worldwide, as well as climate change, increasing urbanization and the lack of treated water and basic sanitation. The report A World At Risk provides seven urgent recommendations for world leaders to prepare to face health emergencies.

Paula Adamo Idoeta’s article of 12 August 2020 under the title Plano para prevenir novas pandemias custaria 2% dos gastos globais com a covid-19 (Plan to prevent new pandemics would cost 2% of global spending on covid-19), available on the website <https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-53731461> , informs that that each year of the 20th century, at least two viruses were transmitted from animals that were their original hosts to human populations. Among them are HIV, H1N1, ebola and, of course, the new coronavirus and that preventing deforestation, hunting and animal trafficking by preventing human contact with wild animals significantly reduces the chance of epidemics. This is the central argument of a scientific article recently published in the journal Science and signed by members of several academic and research centers, including the American universities Harvard and Duke and the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) when citing that deforestation and the ever closer contact between humans and wild animals (whether due to trafficking, hunting or food needs) is what causes the virus to “jump” from its host to humans. The (infection) risks are greater than ever, as increasingly close associations between humans and reservoirs of wildlife diseases accelerate the potential for viruses to spread globally.

The authors of this scientific article in the journal Science say that measures to reduce that proximity are crucial – and relatively cheap – to prevent future pandemics because with 2% of the money the world is spending on the covid-19 pandemic, it would be possible to create a program of prevention, over ten years, so that other viruses of similar danger to Sars-CoV-2 do not have the chance to pass from their original hosts to humans. The authors of this article have outlined a series of strategies to limit these transmission chains, with investments of US$ 22 billion to US$ 31 billion a year for a decade, to monitor and police the wildlife trade and prevent tropical deforestation and so help prevent future pandemics, according to Harvard University. The cost would be a fraction of the trillion-dollar spending on life and economic losses of the current pandemic – which could reach US$ 20 trillion, according to some estimates. It is also an insignificant value for the richest nations in the world.

Not only deforestation and animal trafficking create an environment conducive to pandemics, but also wars because all these actions increase the contact of humans with wild animals, which can host viruses with pandemic potential. The more areas that are deforested, the greater the so-called areas where communities of people come to live and eat close to wild animals, which can transmit viruses directly to humans or for animals created by humans, such as pigs and birds. This dynamic is especially strong in tropical forests, due to the amount of wild animals that they shelter. Deforestation in the Amazon, for example, is one of the most feared triggers for new pandemics in the future.

There are hundreds of scientific articles showing that malaria is characteristic of agricultural frontier areas when deforestation occurs. Malaria comes from human contact with the forest. Another great pandemic risk comes from the trafficking of wild and wild animals, because the entire chain from the collection, transportation, trade and use of these animals, for consumption or for for domestic breeding, creates possible moments of contagion. Wars and forced migration caused by them can also create moments of contagion, by forcing people to flee to forests to protect themselves and needing to resort to wild animals to feed.

One of the academic articles cited by the Science study points to the potential of bats to cause pandemics. Its possible role in having been the original host of the Sars-CoV-2 virus is still investigated by science. The Ebola virus and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (Mers) probably also reached humans via bats. Bats are seen as a natural reserve for these viruses, especially coronaviruses, which make up about 31% of their viroma (viruses present in their bodies), says researchers at Chinese universities. The bats are more likely to feed in regions where humans live when their natural habitats are destroyed or degraded, which leads us to a danger that surrounds the Amazon Forest which has an enormous number of reservoirs (of viruses), because it has a huge diversity and is, for example, the forest with the greatest diversity of bats in the world. And the areas of contact with humans have increased enormously with the progress of deforestation.

The article Desmatamento e extinções aumentam o risco de novas pandemias (Deforestation and extinctions increase the risk of new pandemics), published on 08/10/2020, available on the website <https://www.megacurioso.com.br/ciencia/115544-desmatamento-e-extincoes-aumentam-o-risco-de-novas-pandemias.htm>, informs that ecologists have long warned of the risk of new diseases arising as deforestation advances across the planet. A new study shows the direct relationship between the two situations: as the species’ natural habitat is degraded, only species that are easier to adapt survive. And they include rats and bats, which can carry pathogens that can trigger a new pandemic. University College London analyzed more than 6,800 ecological communities, on 6 continents, to connect the outbreak of diseases with the loss of biodiversity. The results were published in the journal Nature. “We have been warning this for decades,” explains Kate Jones, ecological modeler and lead author of the study. According to her, with the covid-19 pandemic, her efforts are now in the spotlight in order to map risks and project where diseases may arise. The current pandemic of the new coronavirus has also shown the importance of biodiversity in the transmission of pathogens.  

Evanildo da Silveira’s article of 12 August 2020 under the title Por que uma nova pandemia nos próximos anos é praticamente inevitável (Why a new pandemic in the coming years is practically inevitable), available on the website <https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-53758807.amp>, informs that “it is just a matter of ‘when’ and not ‘if’ the next one will emerge”, according to the opinion of virologist Camila Malta Romano. If there is anything almost certain about the current pandemic, it is that it will not be the last one that humanity will face. We just don’t know when and where the next one will come from and what its causative agent is, whether a virus, bacteria or other microorganism.

In this article, it is mentioned that the sanitary doctor Gonzalo Vecina Neto, from USP’s School of Public Health (FSP), states that the world will still face many pandemics. “There will be other viruses or microorganisms trying to colonize man, using us as a reservoir and producing disease,” says he, who was the founder and president of the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa). In their book Inimigo Mortal – Nossa guerra contra os germes assassinos (Mortal Enemy – Our war against killer germs) (São Paulo: Intrínseca), the authors, Michael Osterholm and Mark Olshaker, go a little further. They say the next pandemic will find “a world in precarious balance in developing countries, invasion of natural habitats that brought reservoirs of animal diseases to our doorsteps, hundreds of millions of human beings and host animals living close together and a planetary supply chain that provides everything from electronics and auto parts to medicine without which even advanced hospitals will no longer function “.

Abinoan Santiago’s article under the title ‘Doença X’, a possível nova pandemia que pode ser mais letal que a de Covid-19 (‘Disease X’, the possible new pandemic that could be more lethal than Covid-19’s), available on the website <https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/2021/01/17/doenca-x-a-possivel-nova-pandemia-que-pode-ser-mais-letal-que-a-de-covid-19>, informs that a possible next pandemic can be just as contagious and much more lethal than the Covid-19, which has already claimed the lives of more than 2 million people on the planet. The appearance of a new disease is called by scientists “disease X”, which is a concept of the World Health Organization (WHO) for something unexpected or unknown that may still appear. We are now in a world where new pathogens will emerge. And that is what constitutes a huge threat to humanity. A new pathogen will follow the same pattern of transmission as others already found, moving from a wild animal to humans. This is the case of Covid-19 itself, in addition to yellow fever, various forms of flu, rabies, brucellosis and Lyme disease (infection transmitted by ticks). This is the result of the destruction of the natural habitat of the most diverse species around the world, especially those of predators of rats, bats and insects. With the growing coexistence with humans of these species, the danger of them becoming a vector of disease transmission is increasing.

From the above, the facts of reality demonstrate that the health of the human being depends on the health of the planet (emphasis added). It is quite clear that humanity will have to make profound changes in its relationship with nature to prevent new pandemics from happening that threaten its very existence. There must be a mobilization of civil society across the planet to build a new world order in which there is a radical change in the concept of development as practiced for centuries. The human being needs to start living in harmony with nature without which his survival will be threatened. It is necessary to change the economic matrix in general (agricultural, industrial and services) in order to start considering the need to preserve nature, respect the limits of the environment and its recovery time and stop producing so much garbage. It is necessary to immediately stop degrading and deforesting forests and strengthen health surveillance systems in all countries and the World Health Organization (WHO), reduce social inequities between and within nations, remove subsidies that favor deforestation and offer more support to indigenous peoples to curb deforestation.

There is an urgent need to ban international trade in high-risk species of virus transmission and to eradicate wild meat consumption in the world, to create a library of virus genetics, which helps in mapping places from which new high-risk pathogens may arise, to make investments from US$ 22 billion to US$ 31 billion a year for a decade, to monitor and police the wildlife trade and prevent tropical deforestation and investments in health surveillance and biosafety in the breeding of consumer animals, which are potential intermediaries of viruses that target humans, especially in areas close to forests to help prevent future pandemics, as well as keep the world population well informed about the risks of new pandemics with reliable data, based on experience and science, which would certainly be of great value in generating guidance essential to their social behavior in order to collaborate in the effort to prevent new pandemics. It is better to prevent the occurrence of new pandemics at a lower cost than to remedy them with immense losses such as those registered with the deaths and the resulting economic stagnation. Without these actions proposed above, there will not be enough vaccines to face the multiplicity of future pandemics.

* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic  planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017),  Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).

Fernando Alcoforado*

Cet article vise à présenter les vraies causes des pandémies en se basant sur l’opinion d’experts et à montrer comment les prévenir à l’avenir. L’opinion dominante de ces experts est que l’humanité devra opérer de profonds changements dans sa relation avec la nature pour empêcher de nouvelles pandémies qui menacent son existence même.

L’article Mais destruição da natureza, mais pandemias (Plus de destruction de la nature, plus de pandémies), publié sur le site <https://climainfo.org.br/2020/03/19/mais-destruicao-da-natureza-mais-pandemias/>, informe que la destruction de la biodiversité promu par l’humanité peut créer les conditions de l’émergence de nouveaux virus avec une puissance de transmission et une létalité sans précédent. Les êtres humains ont toujours vécu avec des agents pathogènes de la nature, certains bénéfiques, d’autres mortels. Quelques-uns étaient aussi mortels que la peste bubonique et la grippe espagnole. Cette situation se répète avec la pandémie du nouveau Coronavirus. Dans cet article, il est également rapporté qu’une enquête de 2008 a identifié 335 nouvelles maladies qui sont apparues entre 1960 et 2004, dont 60% provenaient d’animaux.

David Quammen, auteur de Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic (Débordement: infections animales et prochaine pandémie humaine), publié par The New York Times Book Review, a écrit que l’homme envahit les forêts tropicales et d’autres environnements sauvages qui abritent plusieurs espèces. des plantes et des animaux et au sein de ces créatures il y a d’innombrables virus inconnus.En coupant des arbres, en tuant les animaux ou en les mettant en cage et en les envoyant sur les marchés, l’homme détruit les écosystèmes et propage les virus de leurs hôtes naturels. Lorsque cela se produit, les virus ont besoin d’un nouvel hôte qui est souvent l’homme lui-même. 

L’article Parem de destruir a natureza ou teremos pandemias piores, alerta grupo de cientistas (Arrêtez de détruire la nature ou nous aurons des pandémies pires), prévient un groupe de scientifiques, publié sur le site Web <https://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/coronavirus/parem-de-destruir-natureza-ou-teremos-pandemias-piores-alerta-grupo-de-cientistas-24398235>, signé par les professeurs Josef Settele, Sandra Díaz et Eduardo Brondizio, qui ont dirigé l’étude sur la “santé planétaire” la plus complète jamais réalisée, informe qu “il existe une seule espèce responsable de la pandémie de Covid-19: nous”. Et, si la destruction de la nature ne prend pas fin, il est probable que des maladies encore plus meurtrières et destructrices frappent l’humanité à l’avenir, plus rapidement et plus fréquemment. L’alerte vient des plus grands experts mondiaux de la biodiversité. Les chercheurs ont déclaré que “la déforestation rampante, l’expansion incontrôlée de l’agriculture, l’agriculture intensive, l’exploitation minière et le développement des infrastructures, ainsi que l’exploitation des espèces sauvages” ont créé ce qu’ils ont appelé une “tempête parfaite” pour la propagation des maladies.

Dans l’article d’Erick Gimenes, Ação humana contra o meio ambiente causou a pandemia do coronavírus, diz pesquisador (L’action humaine contre l’environnement a provoqué la pandémie de coronavirus, explique un chercheur), publié sur le site <https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2020/03/18/acao-humana-contra-o-meio-ambiente-causou-a-pandemia-do-coronavirus-diz-pesquisador>, Allan Carlos Pscheidt, docteur en biodiversité végétale et environnement et professeur aux Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas, à São Paulo, affirme que la destruction des habitats d’autres animaux rendra les épidémies de plus en plus courantes. Le nouveau Coronavirus s’est propagé à travers le monde grâce à l’action destructrice et invasive des êtres humains contre la nature. L’organisme à l’origine du Covid-19 est depuis longtemps dans l’environnement, probablement logé dans des chauves-souris originaires de grottes intactes, selon le professeur. Cependant, avec l’urbanisation croissante et l’invasion humaine consécutive, le virus a rompu son cycle naturel et atteint d’autres êtres, comme l’homme, dont l’organisme n’est pas encore prêt à le combattre.

Selon le chercheur Allan Carlos Pscheidt, la pandémie du nouveau Coronavirus laisse des leçons claires: il faut de toute urgence s’inquiéter de la consommation effrénée, de la destruction récurrente de la planète et du changement climatique. La propagation du nouveau coronavirus en est le résultat direct. Pscheidt prévient que, dans un monde interconnecté comme celui dans lequel nous vivons aujourd’hui, les épidémies virales doivent devenir de plus en plus courantes. Pour lui, si nous n’évoluons pas vers une société plus consciente et moins égoïste, l’humanité sera décimée par de nouvelles pandémies. Tant qu’elle ne protège pas la nature, l’humanité sera soumise à de nouvelles pandémies.

L’article intitulé Especialistas alertam para risco de pandemias globais (Les experts mettent en garde contre le risque de pandémie mondiale), disponible sur le site Web <https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2019-09/especialistas-alertam-para-risco-de-pandemias-globais?amp>, présente le rapport A World At Risk (Un monde en péril), le premier document annuel préparé par le Global Preparedness Monitoring Board – GPMB (Global Preparedness Monitoring Board), qui informe que des problèmes tels que des conflits international prolongés, États nationaux fragiles et migrations forcées favorisent la circulation rapide de virus mortels dans le monde, ainsi que le changement climatique, l’urbanisation croissante et le manque d’eau traitée et d’assainissement de base. Le rapport A World At Risk fournit sept recommandations urgentes aux dirigeants mondiaux pour se préparer à faire face aux urgences sanitaires. 

L’article de Paula Adamo Idoeta du 12 août 2020 sous le titre Plano para prevenir novas pandemias custaria 2% dos gastos globais com a covid-19 (Un plan de prévention de nouvelles pandémies coûterait 2% des dépenses mondiales sur le covid-19), disponible sur le site Web <https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-53731461> , informe que chaque année du XXe siècle, au moins deux virus ont été transmis par des animaux qui étaient leurs hôtes d’origine aux populations humaines. Parmi eux figurent le VIH, le H1N1, le virus Ebola et, bien sûr, le nouveau coronavirus et que la prévention de la déforestation, de la chasse et du trafic d’animaux en empêchant le contact humain avec les animaux sauvages réduit considérablement les risques d’épidémie. C’est l’argument central d’un article scientifique récemment publié dans la revue Science et signé par des membres de plusieurs centres universitaires et de recherche, dont les universités américaines Harvard et Duke et l’Université fédérale de Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) en citant cette déforestation et le contact toujours plus étroit entre les humains et les animaux sauvages (que ce soit en raison du trafic, de la chasse ou des besoins alimentaires) est ce qui fait que le virus «saute» de son hôte aux humains. Les risques (d’infection) sont plus importants que jamais, car des associations de plus en plus étroites entre les humains et les réservoirs de maladies de la faune accélèrent le potentiel de propagation des virus à l’échelle mondiale.

Les auteurs de cet article scientifique dans la revue Science affirment que les mesures pour réduire cette proximité sont cruciales – et relativement bon marché – pour éviter de futures pandémies car avec 2% de l’argent que le monde dépense pour la pandémie de covid-19, il serait possible de créer un programme de prévention, sur dix ans, afin que d’autres virus présentant un danger similaire au Sars-CoV-2 n’aient pas la chance de passer de leurs hôtes d’origine aux humains. Les auteurs de cet article ont esquissé une série de stratégies pour limiter ces chaînes de transmission, avec des investissements de 22 à 31 milliards de dollars par an pendant une décennie, pour surveiller et contrôler le commerce des espèces sauvages et prévenir la déforestation tropicale et aider à prévenir de futures pandémies, selon l’Université de Harvard. Le coût serait une fraction des dépenses de  dollars pour la vie et les pertes économiques de la pandémie actuelle – qui pourraient atteindre 20 mille milliards de dollars, selon certaines estimations. C’est également une valeur insignifiante pour les nations les plus riches du monde

Non seulement la déforestation et le trafic d’animaux créent un environnement propice aux pandémies, mais aussi les guerres car toutes ces actions augmentent le contact des humains avec les animaux sauvages, qui peuvent héberger des virus à potentiel pandémique. Plus il y a de zones déboisées, plus grandes sont les zones dites où des communautés de personnes viennent vivre et se nourrir à proximité d’animaux sauvages, qui peuvent transmettre des virus directement aux humains ou pour les animaux créé par des êtres humains, tels que les porcs et les oiseaux. Cette dynamique est particulièrement forte dans les forêts tropicales, en raison de la quantité d’animaux sauvages qu’elles abritent. La déforestation en Amazonie, par exemple, est l’un des déclencheurs les plus redoutés de nouvelles pandémies à l’avenir.

Il existe des centaines d’articles scientifiques montrant que le paludisme est caractéristique des zones frontalières agricoles en cas de déforestation. Le paludisme vient du contact humain avec la forêt. Un autre grand risque de pandémie vient du trafic d’animaux sauvages, car toute la chaîne de collecte, de transport, de commerce et d’utilisation de ces animaux, pour la consommation ou pour l’élevage domestique, crée des moments de contagion possibles. Les guerres et les migrations forcées qu’elles provoquent peuvent également créer des moments de contagion, en forçant les gens à fuir vers les forêts pour se protéger et en ayant besoin de recourir à des animaux sauvages pour se nourrir.

L’un des articles académiques cités par l’étude Science souligne le potentiel des chauves-souris à provoquer des pandémies. Son rôle éventuel en tant qu’hôte original du virus Sars-CoV-2 est encore étudié par la science. Le virus Ebola et le syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (Mers) ont probablement également atteint les humains via les chauves-souris. Les chauves-souris sont considérées comme une réserve naturelle pour ces virus, en particulier les coronavirus, qui représentent environ 31% de leur virome (virus présents dans leur corps), expliquent des chercheurs des universités chinoises. Les chauves-souris sont plus susceptibles de se nourrir dans les régions où vivent les humains lorsque leurs habitats naturels sont détruits ou dégradés, ce qui nous conduit à un danger qui entoure la forêt amazonienne qui possède un nombre énorme de réservoirs (de virus), car elle a un énorme diversité et est, par exemple, la forêt avec la plus grande diversité de chauves-souris au monde. Et les zones de contact avec les humains ont énormément augmenté avec les progrès de la déforestation.

L’article Desmatamento e extinções aumentam o risco de novas pandemias (Déforestation et extinctions augmente le risque de nouvelles pandémies), publié le 08/10/2020, disponible sur le site Internet <https://www.megacurioso.com.br/ciencia/115544-desmatamento-e-extincoes-aumentam-o-risco-de-novas-pandemias.htm>, informe que les écologistes ont longtemps mis en garde contre le risque de nouvelles maladies à mesure que la déforestation progresse à travers la planète. Une nouvelle étude montre la relation directe entre les deux situations: comme l’habitat naturel de l’espèce est dégradé, seules les espèces les plus faciles à adapter survivent. Et ils incluent les rats et les chauves-souris, qui peuvent transporter des agents pathogènes pouvant déclencher une nouvelle pandémie. University College London a analysé plus de 6 800 communautés écologiques, sur 6 continents, pour relier l’épidémie de maladies à la perte de biodiversité. Les résultats ont été publiés dans la revue Nature. «Nous avertissons cela depuis des décennies», explique Kate Jones, modélisatrice écologique et auteur principal de l’étude. Selon elle, avec la pandémie de covid-19, ses efforts sont désormais à l’honneur, afin de cartographier les risques et de prévoir où les maladies peuvent survenir. La pandémie actuelle du nouveau coronavirus a également montré l’importance de la biodiversité dans la transmission d’agents pathogènes. 

L’article d’Evanildo da Silveira du 12 août 2020 sous le titre Por que uma nova pandemia nos próximos anos é praticamente inevitável (Pourquoi une nouvelle pandémie dans les années à venir est pratiquement inévitable), disponible sur le site <https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-53758807.amp>, informe que “il s’agit simplement de “c’est juste une question de” quand “et non de” si “la prochaine pandémie émergera”, selon l’avis de la virologue Camila Malta Romano. S’il y a quelque chose de presque certain à propos de la pandémie actuelle, c’est qu’elle ne sera pas la dernière à laquelle l’humanité sera confrontée. Nous ne savons tout simplement pas quand et d’où viendra le prochain et quel est son agent causal, qu’il s’agisse d’un virus, d’une bactérie ou d’un autre micro-organisme.  

Dans cet article, il est mentionné que le médecin hygiéniste Gonzalo Vecina Neto, de la School of Public Health (FSP) de l’USP, déclare que le monde sera encore confronté à de nombreuses pandémies. “Il y aura d’autres virus ou micro-organismes qui tenteront de coloniser l’homme, nous utilisant comme réservoir et produisant des maladies”, dit-il, fondateur et président de l’Agence nationale de surveillance sanitaire (Anvisa). Dans leur livre Mortal Enemy – Our war against killer germs (Mortel Ennemi – Notre guerre contre les germes tueurs) (São Paulo: Intrinseca), les auteurs, Michael Osterholm et Mark Olshaker, vont un peu plus loin. Ils disent que la prochaine pandémie trouvera «un monde en équilibre précaire dans les pays en développement, l’invasion des habitats naturels qui a amené des réservoirs de maladies animales à nos portes, des centaines de millions d’êtres humains et d’animaux hôtes vivant près les uns des autres et une chaîne d’approvisionnement planétaire qui fournit tout de l’électronique et des pièces automobiles à la médecine sans laquelle même les hôpitaux avancés ne fonctionneront plus”.

Article d’Abinoan Santiago sous le titre ‘Doença X’, a possível nova pandemia que pode ser mais letal que a de Covid-19 (‘Maladie X’, la possible nouvelle pandémie qui pourrait être plus meurtrière que celle de Covid-19), disponible sur le site Web <https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/2021/01/17/doenca-x-a-possivel-nova-pandemia-que-pode-ser-mais-letal-que-a-de-covid-19&gt;, informe qu’une éventuelle prochaine pandémie peut être tout aussi contagieuse et bien plus mortelle que la Covid-19, qui a déjà coûté la vie à plus de 2 millions de personnes sur la planète. L’apparition d’une nouvelle maladie est appelée par les scientifiques «maladie X», qui est un concept de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) pour quelque chose d’inattendu ou d’inconnu qui peut encore apparaître. Nous sommes maintenant dans un monde où de nouveaux agents pathogènes émergeront. Et c’est ce qui constitue une énorme menace pour l’humanité. Un nouvel agent pathogène suivra le même schéma de transmission que d’autres déjà trouvés, passant d’un animal sauvage à l’homme. C’est le cas du Covid-19 lui-même, en plus de la fièvre jaune, de diverses formes de grippe, de rage, de brucellose et de maladie de Lyme (infection transmise par les tiques). C’est le résultat de la destruction de l’habitat naturel des espèces les plus diverses à travers le monde, en particulier celles des prédateurs de rats, chauves-souris et insectes. Avec la coexistence croissante avec l’homme de ces espèces, le danger qu’elles deviennent un vecteur de transmission de maladies augmente.

De ce qui précède, les faits de la réalité démontrent que la santé de l’être humain dépend de la santé de la planète (italiques ajoutés). Il est tout à fait clair que l’humanité devra opérer de profonds changements dans sa relation avec la nature pour éviter que de nouvelles pandémies ne se produisent qui menacent son existence même. Il doit y avoir une mobilisation de la société civile à travers la planète pour construire un nouvel ordre mondial dans lequel il y a un changement radical dans le concept de développement tel qu’il est pratiqué depuis des siècles. L’être humain a besoin de commencer à vivre en harmonie avec la nature sans laquelle sa survie sera menacée. Il faut changer la matrice économique en général (agricole, industrielle et tertiaire) pour commencer à considérer la nécessité de préserver la nature, respecter les limites de l’environnement et son temps de récupération et arrêter de produire autant de déchets. Il est nécessaire d’arrêter immédiatement la dégradation et la déforestation des forêts et de renforcer les systèmes de surveillance sanitaire dans tous les pays et l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), de réduire les inégalités sociales entre et au sein des nations, de supprimer les subventions qui favorisent la déforestation et d’offrir plus soutien aux peuples autochtones pour réduire la déforestation.

Il est urgent d’interdire le commerce international des espèces à haut risque de transmission de virus et d’éradiquer la consommation de viande sauvage dans le monde, de créer une bibliothèque de génétique virale, qui aide à cartographier les endroits d’où de nouveaux agents pathogènes à haut risque peuvent surgir, pour faire des investissements de 22 milliards de dollars à 31 milliards de dollars par an pendant une décennie, pour surveiller et contrôler le commerce des espèces sauvages et prévenir la déforestation tropicale et dans la surveillance de la santé et la biosécurité dans l’élevage d’animaux de consommation, qui sont des intermédiaires potentiels de virus qui cibler les humains, en particulier dans les zones proches des forêts pour aider à prévenir de futures pandémies, ainsi que tenir la population mondiale bien informée sur les risques de nouvelles pandémies avec des données fiables, conçues par l’expérience et la science, qui seraient certainement d’une grande valeur pour générer des orientations essentiels à leur comportement social afin de collaborer à l’effort de prévention de nouvelles pandémies.

Il vaut mieux prévenir la survenue de nouvelles pandémies à moindre coût que d’y remédier par d’immenses pertes telles que celles enregistrées avec les décès et la stagnation économique qui en résulte. Sans ces actions proposées ci-dessus, il n’y aura pas assez de vaccins pour faire face à la multiplicité des futures pandémies.

* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, a reçoit la Médaille du Mérite en Ingénierie du Système CONFEA / CREA, membre de l’Académie de l’Education de Bahia, ingénieur et docteur en planification territoriale et développement régional pour l’Université de Barcelone, professeur universitaire et consultant dans les domaines de la planification stratégique, planification d’entreprise, planification régionale et planification énergétique, il est l’auteur de ouvrages Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017),  Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) et Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).

Fernando Alcoforado*

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as verdadeiras causas das pandemias com base na opinião de especialistas e mostrar como evitá-las no futuro. A opinião dominante desses especialistas é a de que a humanidade terá que realizar mudanças profundas em sua relação com a natureza para evitar que aconteçam novas pandemias que ameacem sua própria existência.  

O artigo Mais destruição da natureza, mais pandemias, publicado no website <https://climainfo.org.br/2020/03/19/mais-destruicao-da-natureza-mais-pandemias/>, informa que a destruição da biodiversidade promovida pela humanidade pode criar as condições para o surgimento de novos vírus com poder de transmissão e letalidade inéditos. O ser humano sempre conviveu com patógenos vindos da natureza, alguns benéficos, outros mortais. Alguns poucos foram mortais como a Peste Bubônica e a Gripe Espanhola. Esta situação se repete com a pandemia do novo Coronavirus. Neste artigo, é informado, também, que uma pesquisa de 2008 identificou 335 novas doenças que surgiram entre 1960 e 2004 das quais 60% vinham de animais.

David Quammen, autor de Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic (Transbordamento: Infecções Animais e a Próxima Pandemia), publicado pelo The New York Times Book Review, escreveu que o homem, invade florestas tropicais e outros ambientes selvagens, que abrigam várias espécies de plantas e animais e dentro dessas criaturas há inúmeros vírus desconhecidos. Ao cortar as árvores, matar os animais ou os enjaulá-los e ao enviá-los para os mercados, o homem destrói ecossistemas e dissemina os vírus de seus hospedeiros naturais. Quando isso acontece, os vírus precisam de um novo hospedeiro que muitas vezes é o próprio homem.

O artigo Parem de destruir a natureza ou teremos pandemias piores, alerta grupo de cientistas, publicado no website <https://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/coronavirus/parem-de-destruir-natureza-ou-teremos-pandemias-piores-alerta-grupo-de-cientistas-24398235>, assinado pelos professores Josef Settele, Sandra Díaz e Eduardo Brondizio, que lideraram o estudo sobre a “saúde planetária” mais abrangente já feito, informa que “há uma única espécie responsável pela pandemia de Covid-19: nós”. E, se a destruição da natureza não tiver um fim, é provável que doenças ainda mais mortais e destrutivas atinjam a humanidade no futuro, de forma mais rápida e frequente. O alerta vem dos principais especialistas em biodiversidade do mundo. Os pesquisadores afirmaram que o “desmatamento desenfreado, expansão descontrolada da agricultura, agricultura intensiva, mineração e desenvolvimento de infraestrutura, bem como a exploração de espécies selvagens” criaram o que classificaram como uma “tempestade perfeita” para a propagação de doenças.

No artigo de Erick Gimenes Ação humana contra o meio ambiente causou a pandemia do coronavírus, diz pesquisador, publicado no website <https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2020/03/18/acao-humana-contra-o-meio-ambiente-causou-a-pandemia-do-coronavirus-diz-pesquisador>, Allan Carlos Pscheidt, doutor em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente e professor das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas, em São Paulo, diz que a destruição de habitats de outros animais vai tornar epidemias cada vez mais comuns. O novo Coronavírus se alastrou pelo mundo graças à ação destrutiva e invasora do ser humano contra a natureza. O organismo que causa a Covid-19 está há tempos no meio ambiente, provavelmente alojado em morcegos nativos de cavernas intocadas, segundo o professor. Com a crescente urbanização e consequente invasão humana, porém, o vírus quebrou seu ciclo natural e alcançou outros seres, como o homem, cujo organismo ainda não está preparado para combatê-lo.

De acordo com o pesquisador Allan Carlos Pscheidt, a pandemia do novo Coronavirus deixa lições claras: precisamos nos preocupar urgentemente com o consumo desenfreado, a destruição recorrente do planeta e as mudanças climáticas. A disseminação do novo Coronavírus é resultado direto disso. Pscheidt alerta que, em um mundo interligado como o que vivemos hoje, epidemias virais devem se tornar cada vez mais comuns. Para ele, se não evoluirmos para uma sociedade mais consciente e menos egoísta, a humanidade será dizimada por novas pandemias. Enquanto não proteger a natureza, a humanidade ficará sujeita a novas pandemias.

O artigo com o título Especialistas alertam para risco de pandemias globais, disponível no website <https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2019-09/especialistas-alertam-para-risco-de-pandemias-globais?amp>, apresenta o relatório A World At Risk (Um mundo em risco), o primeiro documento anual elaborado pelo órgão independente Global Preparedness Monitoring Board – GPMB (Conselho de Monitoramento da Preparação Global), que informa que questões como conflitos internacionais prolongados, estados nacionais frágeis e migrações forçadas favorecem a rápida circulação de vírus letais em todo o mundo, bem como as mudanças climáticas, a crescente urbanização e a falta de água tratada e de saneamento básico. O relatório A World At Risk traz sete recomendações urgentes para os líderes mundiais se prepararem para enfrentar emergências em saúde.

O artigo de Paula Adamo Idoeta de 12 agosto 2020 sob o título Plano para prevenir novas pandemias custaria 2% dos gastos globais com a covid-19, disponível no website <https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-53731461>, informa que que a cada ano do século XX, ao menos dois vírus foram transmitidos de animais que eram seus hospedeiros originais para populações humanas. Entre eles estão o HIV, o H1N1, o ebola e, é claro, o novo coronavírus e que a prevenção do desmatamento, da caça e do tráfico de animais prevenindo contato de humanos com animais silvestres diminui consideravelmente a chance de epidemias.  Este é o argumento central de um artigo científico publicado recentemente na revista Science e assinado por integrantes de diversos centros acadêmicos e de pesquisa, entre eles as universidades americanas Harvard e Duke e a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) ao citar que o desmatamento e o contato cada vez mais próximo entre humanos e animais silvestres (seja pelo tráfico, caça ou por necessidade alimentar) é o que causa o “salto” do vírus de seu hospedeiro para humanos. Os riscos (de infecções) são maiores do que nunca, à medida que associações cada vez mais íntimas entre humanos e reservatórios de doenças na vida selvagem aceleram o potencial de vírus se espalharem globalmente.

Os autores deste artigo científico da revista Science dizem que medidas para diminuir essa proximidade são cruciais – e relativamente baratas – para evitar pandemias futuras porque com 2% do dinheiro que o mundo está gastando com a pandemia de covid-19, seria possível criar um programa de prevenção, ao longo de dez anos, para que outros vírus de perigo semelhante ao Sars-CoV-2 não tenham a chance de passar de seus hospedeiros originais para humanos. Os autores deste artigo delinearam uma série de estratégias para limitar essas cadeias de transmissão, com investimentos de US$ 22 bilhões a US$ 31 bilhões por ano por uma década, para monitorar e policiar o comércio de animais selvagens e impedir o desmatamento tropical e assim ajudar a prevenir futuras pandemias, segundo a Universidade de Harvard. O custo seria uma fração dos gastos trilionários em perdas de vida e econômicas da atual pandemia – que podem chegar a US$ 20 trilhões, segundo algumas estimativas. É também um valor insignificante para as nações mais ricas do mundo.

Não apenas desmatamento e tráfico de animais criam o ambiente propício a pandemias, mas também guerras porque todas essas ações aumentam o contato dos humanos com animais silvestres, os quais podem hospedar vírus com potencial pandêmico. Quanto mais áreas são desmatadas, maiores serão as chamadas áreas em que comunidades de pessoas passam a viver e a se alimentarem perto de animais silvestres, que podem transmitir vírus diretamente para humanos ou para animais criados pelos humanos, como porcos e aves. Essa dinâmica é especialmente forte em florestas tropicais, pela quantidade de animais selvagens que elas abrigam. O desmatamento da Amazônia, por exemplo, é um dos mais temidos gatilhos para novas pandemias no futuro.

Há centenas de artigos científicos mostrando que a malária é característica de áreas de fronteira agrícola quando ocorrem desmatamentos. A malária vem do contato de humanos com a floresta. Outro grande risco pandêmico vem do tráfico de animais silvestres e selvagens, porque toda a sua cadeia desde a coleta, o transporte, o comércio e o uso desses animais, para consumo ou para criação doméstica cria possíveis momentos de contágio. Guerras e migração forçada por elas provocadas também podem criar momentos de contágio, ao forçarem que pessoas fujam para florestas para se protegerem e precisarem recorrer a animais silvestres para se alimentar.

Um dos artigos acadêmicos citados pelo estudo da Science aponta o potencial dos morcegos em causar pandemias. Seu possível papel em ter sido o hospedeiro original do vírus da Sars-CoV-2 ou Covid-19 ainda é investigado pela ciência. O vírus do ebola e da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio (Mers) provavelmente também chegaram a humanos por intermédio de morcegos. Os morcegos são tidos como uma reserva natural para esses vírus, especialmente coronavírus, que constituem cerca de 31% de seu viroma (vírus presentes em seus corpos), diz pesquisadores de universidades chinesas. Os morcegos têm maior probabilidade de se alimentar em regiões onde vivem humanos quando seus habitats naturais forem destruídos ou degradados, o que nos leva a um perigo que ronda a Floresta Amazônica que tem um número enorme de reservatórios (de vírus), por ter uma enorme diversidade e é, por exemplo, a floresta com a maior diversidade de morcegos de todo o mundo. E as áreas de contato com humanos têm aumentado enormemente com o avanço do desmatamento.

O artigo Desmatamento e extinções aumentam o risco de novas pandemias, publicado em 10/08/2020, disponível no website <https://www.megacurioso.com.br/ciencia/115544-desmatamento-e-extincoes-aumentam-o-risco-de-novas-pandemias.htm>, informa que há tempos os ecologistas alertam para o risco de surgimento de novas doenças conforme o desmatamento avança em todo o planeta. Um novo estudo mostra a relação direta entre as duas situações: conforme o habitat natural das espécies é degradado, apenas espécies mais fáceis de se adaptar sobrevivem. E elas incluem ratos e morcegos, que podem carregar patógenos capazes de provocar uma nova pandemia. A University College London analisou mais de 6,8 mil comunidades ecológicas, nos 6 continentes, para conectar o surto de doenças com a perda da biodiversidade. Os resultados foram publicados na revista Nature. “Estamos alertando isso há décadas”, explica Kate Jones, modeladora ecológica e principal autora do estudo. Segundo ela, com a pandemia de covid-19, agora seus esforços estão sob holofotes, a fim de mapear riscos e projetar onde doenças podem surgir. A atual pandemia do novo coronavirus também mostrou a importância da biodiversidade na transmissão de patógenos.

O artigo de Evanildo da Silveira de12 agosto 2020 sob o título Por que uma nova pandemia nos próximos anos é praticamente inevitável, disponível no website <https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-53758807.amp>, informa que “é apenas uma questão de ‘quando’ e não de ‘se’ a próxima vai surgir”, segundo a opinião da virologista Camila Malta Romano. Se há alguma coisa quase certa em relação à atual pandemia é que ela não será a última que a humanidade vai enfrentar. Só não se sabe quando e de onde virá a próxima e qual seu agente causador, se um vírus, bactéria ou outro micro-organismo.

Neste artigo, é citado que o médico sanitarista Gonzalo Vecina Neto, da Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP) da USP, afirma que o mundo ainda enfrentará muitas pandemias. “Haverá outros vírus ou micro-organismos tentando colonizar o homem, nos usando como reservatório e produzindo doença”, diz ele, que foi fundador e presidente da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). Em seu livro Inimigo Mortal – Nossa guerra contra os germes assassinos (São Paulo: Intrínseca), os autores, Michael Osterholm e Mark Olshaker, vão um pouco mais além. Eles dizem que a próxima pandemia encontrará “um mundo em equilíbrio precário em países em desenvolvimento, invasão de habitats naturais que trouxeram reservatórios de doenças de animais à porta de nossas casas, centenas de milhões de seres humanos e animais hospedeiros vivendo colados uns nos outros e uma cadeia de suprimentos planetária que fornece de tudo, de eletrônicos e autopeças a remédios sem os quais até hospitais avançados deixam de funcionar”. 

O artigo de Abinoan Santiago sob o título ‘Doença X’, a possível nova pandemia que pode ser mais letal que a de Covid-19, disponível no website <https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/2021/01/17/doenca-x-a-possivel-nova-pandemia-que-pode-ser-mais-letal-que-a-de-covid-19>, informa que uma eventual próxima pandemia pode ser tão contagiosa e muito mais letal que a de Covid-19, que já tirou a vida de mais de 2 milhões de pessoas no planeta. O surgimento de uma nova enfermidade é chamado pelos cientistas de “doença X” que é um conceito da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para algo inesperado ou desconhecido que ainda pode aparecer. Estamos agora em um mundo onde novos patógenos surgirão. E é isso que constitui uma gigantesca ameaça para a humanidade. Um novo patógeno seguirá o mesmo padrão de transmissão de outros já encontrados, passando de um animal silvestre para os seres humanos. É o caso da própria Covid-19, além da febre amarela, várias formas de gripe, raiva, brucelose e doença de Lyme (infecção transmitida por carrapatos). Este é o resultado da destruição do habitat natural das mais diversas espécies pelo mundo, sobretudo, os de predadores de ratos, morcegos e insetos. Com a convivência com os humanos cada vez maior dessas espécies, o perigo de elas se tornarem um vetor de transmissão de doenças é cada vez maior.

Pelo exposto, os fatos da realidade demonstram que a saúde do ser humano depende da saúde do planeta (grifo nosso). Está bastante claro que a humanidade terá que realizar mudanças profundas em sua relação com a natureza para evitar que aconteçam novas pandemias que ameacem sua própria existência.  É preciso que haja a mobilização da sociedade civil em todo o planeta para construir uma nova ordem mundial em que haja a mudança radical do conceito de desenvolvimento como o praticado há séculos. O ser humano precisa passar a viver em harmonia com a natureza sem a qual sua sobrevivência estará ameaçada. É preciso mudar a matriz econômica em geral (agrícola, industrial e de serviços) para que se passe a considerar a necessidade de preservar a natureza, respeitar os limites do ambiente e o seu tempo de recuperação e deixar de produzir tanto lixo. É preciso parar imediatamente de degradar e desmatar florestas e fortalecer os sistemas de vigilância em saúde de todos os países e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), reduzir iniquidades sociais entre nações e no interior delas, remover subsídios que favoreçam o desmatamento e oferecer mais apoio aos povos indígenas, para conterem o desmatamento.

Urge proibir internacionalmente o comércio de espécies de alto risco de transmissão de vírus e erradicar o consumo de carne silvestre no mundo, criar uma biblioteca da genética de vírus, que ajude no mapeamento de locais de onde possam surgir novos patógenos de alto risco, realizar investimentos de US$ 22 bilhões a US$ 31 bilhões por ano por uma década, para monitorar e policiar o comércio de animais selvagens e impedir o desmatamento tropical e em vigilância sanitária e biosegurança na criação de animais de consumo, que são potenciais intermediários de vírus que atingem humanos, principalmente em áreas próximas a florestas para ajudar a prevenir futuras pandemias, bem como manter a população mundial bem informada quanto aos riscos de novas pandemias com dados confiáveis, concebidos pela experiência e pela ciência, que certamente seria de grande valia para gerar orientações imprescindíveis ao seu comportamento social visando sua colaboração no esforço de prevenção de novas pandemias.

É preferível prevenir a ocorrência de novas pandemias com baixo custo do que remediá-las com imensos prejuízos como os que se registram com as mortes e a estagnação econômica que delas resultam.  Sem essas ações acima propostas não haverá vacinas suficientes para enfrentar a multiplicidade de futuras pandemias.

* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, condecorado com a Medalha do Mérito da Engenharia do Sistema CONFEA/CREA, membro da Academia Baiana de Educação, engenheiro e doutor em Planejamento Territorial e Desenvolvimento Regional pela Universidade de Barcelona, professor universitário e consultor nas áreas de planejamento estratégico, planejamento empresarial, planejamento regional e planejamento de sistemas energéticos, é autor dos livros Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017),  Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) e Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).

Fernando Alcoforado*

Cet article vise à présenter les causes de l’échec du Brésil à lutter contre le nouveau Coronavirus et à mettre en évidence ses solutions. Le Brésil a une moyenne mobile de mille décès par Covid-19 par jour. La moyenne mobile des nouveaux cas atteint à nouveau un niveau record. Le Brésil a enregistré un total de 207 160 décès et 8 326 115 cas de Covid-19. Le pays a enregistré 1 151 décès dus au Covid-19 au cours des dernières 24 heures, pour un total de 207 160 décès depuis le début de la pandémie. En conséquence, la moyenne mobile des décès au Brésil au cours des 7 derniers jours était de 1000. La variation était de + 42% par rapport à la moyenne d’il y a 14 jours, indiquant une tendance à la croissance des décès dus à la maladie. La situation à Manaus est dramatique. Sans oxygène, les patients dépendent de la ventilation manuelle pour survivre. Ces résultats démontrent l’échec de la lutte contre le nouveau coronavirus au Brésil.

Il est démontré par ces chiffres que les politiques adoptées jusqu’à présent par les gouvernements des États et des municipalités du Brésil sont insuffisantes pour contenir les progrès du nouveau Coronavirus et que des mesures plus efficaces doivent de toute urgence être opérationnalisées pour réduire le nombre de personnes contaminées et tuées par le virus dans le Brésil. Les interventions employées au Brésil pour combattre le Covid-19 jusqu’à présent ont été insuffisantes car elles ne répondent pas aux blocages généralisés et obligatoires mis en œuvre dans certaines régions d’Asie qui se sont avérés très efficaces pour freiner la propagation du virus.

Il est impératif de rompre la chaîne de transmission du virus car il est essentiel de le contrôler et de prévenir sa croissance exponentielle qui comprendrait, en plus de la vaccination de masse obligatoire, l’adoption rapide de mesures de santé publique éprouvées, y compris le verrouillage, même avec restriction de mouvement de la population, dépistage tests, d’isolement des cas et une plus grande distance sociale pour contenir l’impact de la pandémie. C’est ce qui «aplatirait» la courbe de contaminées, ce qui réduirait la charge sur les hôpitaux et par conséquent diminuerait le nombre de décès par Covid 19.

On peut conclure de ce qui s’est passé au Brésil que c’était un acte irresponsable de ses dirigeants d’avoir repris l’activité économique prématurément parce que cela a causé des souffrances à la population et des morts inutiles. Certains gouverneurs et maires ont décidé de relâcher l’isolement social pour éviter l’effondrement du système économique. En évitant l’effondrement de l’économie brésilienne, le système de santé brésilien est amené à s’effondrer dans certaines villes. La bonne chose serait que le gouvernement brésilien mette, dès le début, des villes et des régions en lock-out (fermeture totale) qui ne devrait être libérée que progressivement de la même manière que ce qui s’est passé en Chine avec la population portant un masque facial, soumise à des mesures constantes température, en plus du contrôle de la population à l’aide d’un code QR (code de réponse rapide) de la santé municipale qui fonctionne comme un passeport d’immunité.

Dans plusieurs villes chinoises, il existe un QR pour chaque habitant, rapportant son état de santé en fonction à la fois de ses propres déclarations et des données disponibles au gouvernement. Ainsi, les citoyens reçoivent des codes marqués en vert, jaune ou rouge. Seuls les résidents avec un code vert peuvent se déplacer librement dans la ville. Les détenteurs d’un code jaune et rouge doivent rester en quarantaine et s’inscrire quotidiennement sur une plateforme internet pour fournir des informations, jusqu’à ce qu’ils obtiennent le code vert. Cela n’a pas été fait au Brésil.

En plus de ces mesures à adopter par les États et les municipalités, l’argent devraient être distribués par le gouvernement fédéral aux populations, en particulier les plus vulnérables, pour éviter que, en raison du besoin de survie, elles soient contraintes de quitter leur domicile pour travailler dans des bureaux ou dans la rue. En d’autres termes, le gouvernement fédéral devrait payer les gens pour qu’ils ne descendent pas dans la rue pour ne pas contaminer ou être contaminé par le virus. Les mesures adoptées par le gouvernement fédéral étaient insuffisantes pour aider les entreprises, en particulier les micro, petites et moyennes entreprises, à survivre dans ce moment de baisse des revenus, ainsi que les États et les municipalités pour éviter leur insolvabilité en raison de la baisse du recouvrement des impôts.

L’échec de la lutte contre le nouveau coronavirus au Brésil peut être attribué au manque d’action de coordination du gouvernement fédéral. La condition indispensable pour que le Brésil gagne la guerre contre le nouveau Coronavirus est que le gouvernement à tous les niveaux et que la population soit unie contre l’ennemi commun. Malheureusement, au Brésil, cette situation n’existe pas car le président de la République, Jair Bolsonaro, s’est opposé à l’isolement social de la population, méconnaissant systématiquement toutes les mesures restrictives à l’agglomération de personnes sous prétexte qu’il faut aussi sauver l’économie brésilienne de la débâcle et aussi contre le vaccin et la vaccination obligatoire de la population.

La situation critique actuelle exige la vaccination de masse immédiate de la population brésilienne, qui est le seul moyen d’éradiquer Covid-19. Le vaccin est la seule arme que nous devons utiliser pour éradiquer le nouveau coronavirus. Il est important de noter que, tout au long de l’histoire, les vaccins ont contribué à réduire considérablement l’incidence de la grippe, de la varicelle , des oreillons, de la dengue, de la fièvre jaune, de l’hépatite, de la rubéole, de la rougeole, de la variole, de l’herpès simplex, de la rage, de la polio, de la rougeole et du tétanos, parmi plusieurs autres maladies. Aujourd’hui, les vaccins sont considérés comme le traitement le plus rentable en santé publique.

Il est à noter que la vaccination de masse ne produira ses effets qu’à moyen et long terme. À court terme, il doit y avoir une adoption immédiate du «verrouillage» pour arrêter la croissance du nombre d’infectés et de morts au Brésil, qui devrait être adopté en particulier dans les villes et les régions qui sont critiques du point de vue de la capacité du système de santé à servir, l’utilisation obligatoire d’un masque facial par la population qui serait soumise à des mesures de température constante et contrôlée afin d’isoler les personnes infectées du reste de la population. Seuls les non infectés se déplaceraient librement dans les villes. Les personnes infectées par Covid 19 doivent rester en quarantaine jusqu’à leur libération.

La perturbation de la chaîne de transmission du virus ne se produira donc qu’avec la vaccination de masse de la population brésilienne, qui, jusqu’à ce qu’elle soit pleinement réalisée, devrait être adoptée à court terme par des mesures radicales, telles que celles adoptées en Chine comme le lock-out avec l’isolement de Wuhan (épicentre du virus) du reste du pays pour empêcher la propagation du nouveau Coronavirus. Pour le moment, au Brésil, il n’y a pas d’autre moyen que d’adopter le verrouillage des villes et des régions les plus touchées pour une durée indéterminée. Dans chaque ville et région la plus touchée par le nouveau coronavirus et isolée du reste de l’État et du pays, des tests de masse devraient être adoptés dans le même sens que ceux adoptés en Chine pour identifier qui devrait être mis en quarantaine et qui devrait être libéré pour la coexistence sociale.

Il devrait y avoir un contrôle strict sur les mouvements des personnes à l’entrée et à la sortie du Brésil, ainsi que sur les villes et régions en lock-out, avec des tests pour vérifier si elles sont contaminées ou non par le nouveau Coronavirus. Il s’agirait de mesures destinées à empêcher l’effondrement du système de santé et de reprendre les activités économiques le plus tôt possible. Pour que ces mesures aboutissent et aboutissent au succès de la lutte contre le nouveau Coronavirus au Brésil, l’action de coordination du gouvernement fédéral est urgente. La condition indispensable pour que le Brésil gagne la guerre contre le nouveau Coronavirus est que le gouvernement à tous les niveaux et que la population soit unie contre l’ennemi commun.

Le Brésil a besoin d’urgence d’un alignement stratégique du gouvernement fédéral avec les États et les municipalités dans les actions de santé avec celles à caractère économique pour lutter contre le nouveau coronavirus. C’est une raison de plus pour laquelle la destitution de Jair Bolsonaro de la présidence de la République est nécessaire avec son remplacement par le vice-président Hamilton Mourão qui serait plus qualifié pour jouer le rôle de commandant général dans la lutte contre le nouveau Coronavirus. Les dirigeants politiques de tous les partis doivent agir le plus rapidement possible pour retirer Bolsonaro du pouvoir afin d’éviter le désastre humanitaire qui peut être vu avec l’augmentation du nombre de contaminés et tués par le nouveau coronavirus au Brésil et la catastrophe économique avec la faillite de l’économie brésilienne.

* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, a reçoit la Médaille du Mérite en Ingénierie du Système CONFEA / CREA, membre de l’Académie de l’Education de Bahia, ingénieur et docteur en planification territoriale et développement régional pour l’Université de Barcelone, professeur universitaire et consultant dans les domaines de la planification stratégique, planification d’entreprise, planification régionale et planification énergétique, il est l’auteur de ouvrages Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017),  Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) et Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).

Fernando Alcoforado*

This article aims to present the causes of Brazil’s failure to combat the new Coronavirus and point out its solutions. Brazil has a moving average of one thousand deaths by Covid-19 per day. The moving average of new cases hits record high again. Brazil accounted for a total of 207,160 deaths and 8,326,115 cases of Covid-19. The country recorded 1,151 deaths from Covid-19 in the last 24 hours, reaching a total of 207,160 deaths since the beginning of the pandemic. As a result, the moving average of deaths in Brazil in the last 7 days was 1,000. The variation was + 42% compared to the average of 14 days ago, indicating a growth trend in deaths from the disease. The situation in Manaus is dramatic. Without oxygen, patients rely on manual ventilation to survive. These results demonstrate the failure to combat the new Coronavirus in Brazil.

It is demonstrated by these figures that the policies adopted so far by the state and municipal governments of Brazil are insufficient to contain the progress of the new Coronavirus and that more effective measures urgently need to be operationalized to reduce the number of contaminated and killed by the virus in the Brazil. The interventions employed in Brazil to combat Covid-19 so far have been insufficient because they fall short of the widespread and mandatory blockages implemented in parts of Asia that have proven to be highly effective in curbing the spread of the virus.

There is an imperative need to break the chain of transmission of the virus as essential to control it and prevent its exponential growth which would include, in addition to mandatory mass vaccination, the rapid adoption of proven public health measures, including lockdown, even with restriction of population circulation, testing, isolation of cases and greater social distance to contain the impact of the pandemic. This is what would “flatten” the contaminated curve, which would reduce the burden on hospitals and consequently reduce the number of deaths by Covid 19.

It can be concluded from what happened in Brazil that it was an irresponsible act of its leaders to have resumed economic activity prematurely because it caused suffering of the population and unnecessary deaths. Some governors and mayors have decided to relax social isolation to avoid the collapse of the economic system. By avoiding the collapse of the Brazilian economy, Brazil’s healthcare system is being driven to collapse in some cities. The correct thing would be that the government of Brazil put, from the beginning, cities and regions in lockdown (total closure) which should only be gradually released in the same way as occurred in China with the population wearing a face mask, being subjected to constant measurements temperature, in addition to the population being controlled using a QR code (Quick Response code) of municipal health that functions as an immunity passport.

In several Chinese cities, there is a QR for each inhabitant, reporting their health condition based on both their own statements and data available to the government. Thus, citizens receive codes marked in green, yellow or red. Only residents with a green code can move freely around the city. Yellow and red code holders must remain in quarantine and register daily on an internet platform to provide information, until they obtain the green code. This was not done in Brazil.

In addition to these measures to be adopted by states and municipalities, income should be distributed by the federal government to the populations, especially the vulnerable ones, to avoid that, due to the need for survival, they are forced to leave their homes to work in offices or on the streets . In other words, the federal government should pay people not to take to the streets so as not to contaminate or be contaminated by the virus. The measures adopted by the federal government were insufficient to help companies, especially micro, small and medium-sized companies, to survive in this moment of falling revenues, as well as states and municipalities to avoid their insolvency due to the drop in tax collection.

The failure to combat the new Coronavirus in Brazil can be attributed to the lack of coordinating action by the federal government. The indispensable condition for Brazil to win the war against the new Coronavirus is the government at all levels and the population being united against the common enemy. Unfortunately, in Brazil, this situation does not exist because the President of the Republic, Jair Bolsonaro, opposed the social isolation of the population, systematically disrespecting all restrictive measures to the agglomeration of people under the pretext that it is also necessary to save the Brazilian economy from debacle and also against the vaccine and the mandatory vaccination of the population.

The critical current situation is demanding the immediate mass vaccination of the Brazilian population, which is the only way to eradicate Covid-19. The vaccine is the only weapon we have to use to eradicate the new Coronavirus. It is important to note that, throughout history, vaccines have helped to significantly reduce the incidence of influenza, chickenpox, mumps, dengue, yellow fever, hepatitis, rubella, measles, smallpox, herpes simplex, rabies, polio, measles and tetanus , among several other diseases. Today, vaccines are considered the most cost-effective treatment in public health.

It should be noted that mass vaccination will only produce its effects in the medium and long term. In the short term, there is a need for an immediate adoption of the “lockdown” to stop the growth in the number of infected and dead in Brazil, which should be adopted especially in cities and regions that are critical from the point of view of the health system’s capacity to care, the mandatory use of a face mask by the population that would be subjected to constant temperature measurements and controlled in order to isolate those infected from the rest of the population. Only the uninfected would move freely through the cities. Those infected with Covid 19 must remain in quarantine until released.

The disruption of the virus transmission chain will only happen, therefore, with the mass vaccination of the Brazilian population, which, until it is carried out in full, would have to be adopted radical measures in the short term, such as those adopted in China as the lockdown with the isolation of Wuhan (epicenter of the virus) from the rest of the country to prevent the spread of the new Coronavirus. At the moment, in Brazil, there is no other way but to adopt the lockdown of the cities and regions most affected for an indefinite period. In each city and region most affected by the new Coronavirus and isolated from the rest of the state and country, mass tests should be adopted along the same lines as those adopted in China to identify who should be quarantined and who should be released for social relations.

There should be strict control on the movement of people at the entrance and exit of Brazil, as well as cities and regions undergoing lockdown, with tests to verify whether or not they are contaminated by the new Coronavirus. These would be measures to prevent the collapse of the health system and economic activities to resume as soon as possible. For these measures to be successful and result in the success of the fight against the new Coronavirus in Brazil, the coordinating action of the federal government is urgent. The indispensable condition for Brazil to win the war against the new Coronavirus is the government at all levels and the population being united against the common enemy.

Brazil urgently needs strategic alignment of the federal government with states and municipalities in health actions with those of an economic nature to combat the new Coronavirus. This is one more reason why the impeachment of Jair Bolsonaro of the Presidency of the Republic is necessary with his replacement by Vice President Hamilton Mourão who would be more qualified to play the role of general commander in the fight against the new Coronavirus. The political leaders of all parties need to act as soon as possible to remove Bolsonaro from power to avoid the humanitarian disaster that can occur with the increase in the number of contaminated and killed by the new Coronavirus in Brazil and the economic disaster with the bankruptcy of the Brazilian economy.

* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic  planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017),  Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).

Fernando Alcoforado*

Este artigo visa apresentar as causas do fracasso do Brasil no combate ao novo Coronavirus e apontar suas soluções. O Brasil tem média móvel de mil mortes por Covid-19 por dia. A média móvel de novos casos volta a bater recorde. Brasilcontabilizou total de 207.160 óbitos e 8.326.115 casos de Covid-19. O país registrou 1.151 mortes pela Covid-19 nas últimas 24 horas, chegando ao total de 207.160 óbitos desde o começo da pandemia. Com isso, a média móvel de mortes no Brasil nos últimos 7 dias foi de 1.000. A variação foi de +42% em comparação com a média de 14 dias atrás, indicando tendência de crescimento nos óbitos pela doença. A situação em Manaus é dramática. Sem oxigênio, pacientes dependem de ventilação manual para sobreviver. Estes resultados demonstram o fracasso do combate ao novo Coronavirus no Brasil.  

Está demonstrado por estes números que as políticas adotadas até o momento pelos governos estaduais e municipais do Brasil são insuficientes para conter o avanço do novo Coronavirus e que medidas mais efetivas precisam ser operacionalizadas com urgência para reduzir o número de contaminados e de mortos pelo vírus no Brasil. As intervenções empregadas no Brasil no combate ao Covid-19 até o momento têm sido insuficientes porque estão aquém dos bloqueios generalizados e obrigatórios implementados em partes da Ásia que provaram ser altamente eficazes para conter a disseminação do vírus.

Há a necessidade imperiosa do rompimento da cadeia de transmissão do vírus como essencial para controlá-lo e impedir seu crescimento exponencial que incluiria, além da vacinação obrigatória em massa, a rápida adoção de medidas comprovadas de saúde pública, incluindo lockdown, até mesmo com toque de recolher, testes, isolamento de casos e maior distanciamento social para conter o impacto da pandemia. É isso que “achataria” a curva de contaminados, o que diminuiria a sobrecarga nos hospitais e por consequência reduziria o número de mortos por Covid 19.

Pode-se concluir pelo que ocorreu no Brasil que se tratou de ato irresponsável de seus governantes ter havido a retomada da atividade econômica de forma prematura porque causou sofrimento da população e mortes desnecessárias. Alguns governadores e prefeitos decidiram flexibilizar o isolamento social para evitar o colapso do sistema econômico. Ao evitar o colapso da economia brasileira o sistema de saúde do Brasil está sendo levada ao colapso em algumas cidades. O correto seria os governantes do Brasil terem colocado, desde o início, as cidades e regiões em lockdown (fechamento total) as quais só deveriam ser liberadas gradativamente da mesma forma como ocorreu na China com a população usando máscara facial, sendo submetida a constantes medições de temperatura, além da população ser controlada por meio de um código QR (Quick Response code) de saúde municipal que funciona como passaporte de imunidade.

Em diversas cidades chinesas, há um QR para cada habitante, informando sua condição de saúde com base tanto em declarações próprias quanto em dados de que o governo dispõe. Assim, os cidadãos recebem códigos marcados em verde, amarelo ou vermelho. Somente os residentes com código verde podem circular livremente pela cidade. Os portadores de códigos amarelos e vermelhos devem se manter em quarentena e se registrar diariamente numa plataforma de internet para prestar informações, até obterem o código verde. Isto não foi feito no Brasil.

Além dessas medidas a serem adotadas por estados e municípios, deveria ser distribuída renda pelo governo federal para as populações, sobretudo as vulneráveis, para evitar que, por necessidade de sobrevivência, elas fossem obrigadas a sair de suas residências para trabalharem em escritórios ou nas ruas. Em outras palavras, o governo federal deveria pagar as pessoas para não saírem às ruas para não contaminarem ou serem contaminadas pelo vírus. As medidas adotadas pelo governo federal foram insuficientes para ajudar as empresas, especialmente as micro, pequena e média empresas, para sobreviverem neste momento de queda em suas receitas, bem como aos estados e municípios para evitarem sua insolvência devido à queda na arrecadação de impostos. 

O insucesso no combate ao novo Coronavirus no Brasil pode ser atribuído à falta de ação coordenadora do governo federal. A condição indispensável para o Brasil vencer a guerra contra o novo Coronavirus é o governo em todos os níveis e a população estarem unidos contra o inimigo comum. Lamentavelmente, no Brasil, esta situação não existe porque o Presidente da República Jair Bolsonaro se colocou contra o isolamento social da população desrespeitando sistematicamente todas as medidas restritivas à aglomeração de pessoas sob o pretexto de que é preciso salvar, também, a economia brasileira da debacle e, também, contra a vacina e a obrigatoriedade da vacinação da população.

A crítica situação atual está a exigir a imediata vacinação em massa da população brasileira que é a única maneira de erradicar o Covid-19. A vacina é a única arma que temos para usar visando erradicar o novo Coronavirus. É importante observar que, ao longo da história, as vacinas ajudaram a reduzir expressivamente a incidência de gripe, catapora ou varicela, caxumba, dengue, febre amarela, hepatite, rubéola, sarampo, varíola, herpes simples, raiva, pólio, sarampo e tétano, entre várias outras doenças. Hoje, as vacinas são consideradas o tratamento com melhor custo-benefício em saúde pública. 

É preciso observar que a vacinação em massa só produzirá seus efeitos a médio e longo prazos. A curto prazo, é preciso que haja a adoção imediata do “lockdown” para paralisar o crescimento do número de infectados e de mortos no Brasil que deveria ser adotado especialmente em cidades e regiões críticas do ponto de vista da capacidade de atendimento do sistema de saúde, o uso obrigatório de máscara facial pela população que seria submetida a constantes medições de temperatura e controlada a fim de isolar os infectados do restante da população. Somente os não infectados circulariam livremente pelas cidades. Os infectados pelo Covid 19 devem se manter em quarentena até serem liberados. 

O rompimento da cadeia de transmissão do vírus só acontecerá, portanto, com a vacinação em massa da população brasileira que, enquanto ela não se realizar na plenitude, teriam que ser adotadas medidas radicais, a curto prazo, como aquelas adotadas na China como o lockdown com o isolamento de Wuhan (epicentro do vírus) do resto do país para evitar a disseminação do novo Coronavirus. No momento, no Brasil, não há outro caminho senão adotar o lockdown das cidades e regiões mais afetadas por tempo indeterminado. Em cada cidade e região mais afetadas pelo novo Coronavirus e isoladas do resto do estado e do país deveriam ser adotados testes em massa nos mesmos moldes do adotado na China para identificar quem deveria ficar em quarentena e quem deveria ser liberado para a convivência social.

Deveria haver rígido controle na circulação de pessoas na entrada e saída do Brasil, bem como das cidades e regiões em lockdown com a realização de testes para verificar se estão ou não contaminadas pelo novo Coronavirus. Estas seriam as medidas para evitar o colapso do sistema de saúde e as atividades econômicas serem retomadas o mais rapidamente possível. Para essas medidas serem bem sucedidas e resultarem no sucesso do combate ao novo Coronavirus no Brasil, urge a ação coordenadora do governo federal. A condição indispensável para o Brasil vencer a guerra contra o novo Coronavirus é o governo em todos os níveis e a população estarem unidos contra o inimigo comum.

O Brasil precisa urgentemente de alinhamento estratégico do governo federal com os estados e municípios nas ações de saúde com as de natureza econômica para combater o novo Coronavirus. Esta é mais uma das razões pelas quais é necessário o impeachment de Jair Bolsonaro da Presidência da República com sua substituição pelo vice-presidente Hamilton Mourão que seria mais qualificado para desempenhar o papel de comandante geral no combate ao novo Coronavirus. As lideranças políticas de todos os partidos precisam atuar o mais rapidamente possível para afastar Bolsonaro do poder para evitar o desastre humanitário que se vislumbra com o avanço do número de contaminados e mortos pelo novo Coronavirus no Brasil e o desastre econômico com a bancarrota da economia brasileira.

* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, condecorado com a Medalha do Mérito da Engenharia do Sistema CONFEA/CREA, membro da Academia Baiana de Educação, engenheiro e doutor em Planejamento Territorial e Desenvolvimento Regional pela Universidade de Barcelona, professor universitário e consultor nas áreas de planejamento estratégico, planejamento empresarial, planejamento regional e planejamento de sistemas energéticos, é autor dos livros Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017),  Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) e Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).

Fernando Alcoforado*  

This article aims to present the barbarism represented by fascism in the United States by Donald Trump and in Brazil by Jair Bolsonaro. The barbarism of fascism manifests itself mainly because it is against the democratic and liberal system and is based on the totalitarian exercise of power. In other words, fascism seeks to impose itself under the dictatorship as occurred in the fascist Italy of Benito Mussolini and in Nazi Germany of Adolf Hitler. In the United States, fascism was aborted with the defeat of Donald Trump in the presidential elections, and in Brazil, fascism continues in gestation with Jair Bolsonaro in power. In its early days, fascism was a political movement that emerged in Italy after the First World War, in the 1920s, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini and, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler in Germany in the 1930s. Ancient fascism represented a reaction by conservative forces in Europe against the rise of workers to power in several countries after the victory of socialism in the Soviet Union in 1917. The ancient fascism implanted during the 1920s and 1930s of the 20th century was based on a strong, totalitarian state , who claimed to embody the spirit of the people, in the exercise of power by a single party whose authority was imposed through violence, repression and political propaganda.

The fascist leader is a figure who is above ordinary men. Mussolini was called Il Duce, which derives from the Latin Dux (General) and Hitler de Fuehrer (Conductor, Guide, Leader, Chief). Both were messianic and authoritarian leaders, with a power that was exercised unilaterally without consultation with anyone. In Germany, ancient fascism received the name of Nazism. This movement, in addition to combating communists and homosexuals, also had a strong racial component, which promulgated the superiority of the Aryan race and sought to exterminate Jews, Gypsies and blacks. Ancient fascism was also characterized by aggressive nationalism, militarism and imperialism at the service of the ruling classes, by the cult of the chief, by anti-communism and by the dictatorship. In order to put its principles into practice, the individual rights of citizens were ignored, Parliament was transformed into a simple consultative body, the Judiciary acted in the service of fascism and the political police was created, which crushed all opposition to the regime.

In the United States, fascism grew on the ground of a mature democracy in crisis. Fascism was fully embraced by the Republican Party, which now defines itself in this line. For decades, the Republican Party represented, abroad, a forward-looking international order led by the United States, and, internally, democratic capitalism with little government intervention in the economy. Trump decimates this and other things that Republicans advocated and represented. The Republican Party is, a party of religious conservatives, angry white men who are becoming a minority in their own country, are opponents of arms control, are against abortion and are owners of companies that are against regulation. It is an openly racist, sexist, repressive, exclusionary and permanently addicted to the politics of fear and hatred, as it happened during the George W. Bush administration and which was deepened in the Donald Trump administration that brought fascism back to life in the contemporary era as president of the United States.

The revival of fascism under the command of Donald Trump in the United States resulted, fundamentally, from the economic decline and the loss of the country’s hegemony on the world stage in a very short time. All world relations in the United States have changed profoundly in recent times, being obliged to share power on a world scale with other countries. The era when the United States sought to impose its will on the international scene in the economic and military fields is over. It happened after the Barack Obama administration. The ongoing global crisis of the world capitalist system is accelerating long-term geopolitical change, heralding the decline of American power and European influence and the rise of China as an economically dominant power. Donald Trump represented a reaction to reverse this trend. His performance led, in practice, to the revival of fascism in the United States.

Trump scored points in the United States with hateful slogans against the so-called political establishment and the media. He conquered a white middle class that was impoverished and destabilized by globalization. “Only I can fix this,” was Trump’s campaign motto. In power, Donald Trump insulted foreigners, women and people with disabilities, preached hatred, snubbed America’s most important global partners, and abolished the program of his predecessor, Barack Obama, and his most symbolic measure, Obamacare and abolished the law on health insurance, which covers the health needs of 24 million Americans who were left unprotected by the outbreak of the new Coronavirus pandemic. His economic program had only one motto: protectionism with the motto “America first”. He promised and conducted a trade war against China, including in particular American companies that moved to Beijing.

In the United States government, Donald Trump created a dangerous phase of international political instability. Donald Trump promised and canceled the climate agreement signed by the United States in Paris, the hard-negotiated nuclear pact with Iran and various trade agreements, as well as failing to pay billions of dollars for the UN to develop programs to combat climate change. In summary, Trump worked to endow with nuclear weapons Saudi Arabia to fight Iran and Japan to fight China and to weaken “obsolete” NATO by forcing European allies to pay for US military protection, thereby creating the risk of a Russian incursion into the Baltic countries, started a trade war with China through protectionism, started building a 3,200-kilometer-long wall along the Mexican border, barred Muslims from entering the country, renegotiated all major trade deals and raised military spending significantly. This sparked significant conflicts, sparked new rivalries and sparked new international crises. Trump harassed the media hostile to him, attacked women who accused him of sexual harassment, reduced taxes, especially for the super-rich, abolished Obama’s health care reform leaving 24 million people without medical coverage who were at the mercy of pandemic of the new Coronavirus, dismantled all environmental regulations, relaunched the coal industry, deported illegal immigrants by the millions, and filled the Supreme Court with ideological conservatives as vacancies arose. Trump launched his attack on liberal democracy during his government. Donald Trump has demonstrated a personality similar to that of Mussolini and Hitler.

Joe Biden’s victory over Donald Trump in the last presidential elections represents civilization’s victory over barbarism because it will enable the United States government to undo the legacy of barbarism from the Trump years. The Joe Biden government will seek to undo the legacy of barbarism from the Trump years by implementing a government program that will certainly be the most progressive in the history of the United States. With control of the Senate and the House in the hands of the Democrats, Biden will be able to make a very progressive government, more than the Barack Obama administration. It is essential that the Biden government’s program work to neutralize the fascist horde that grew considerably in the United States during the Donald Trump administration. A demonstration of the strength of fascism in the States was presented yesterday (01/06/2020) when, instigated by Trump, a neofascist horde led by him invaded the American Congress, the Capitol, and caused the paralysis of the session held to tell the votes of the Electoral College and certify the victory of Joe Biden in the presidential election of November, the last formal stage of the electoral process before the inauguration of the democrat, on January 20. Donald Trump made a speech urging a crowd to invade the seat of the Legislative Branch and avoid ratifying the victory of his opponent.

The Capitol invaders – some in costume and others with weapons – occupied the plenary of the two Houses of Parliament, destroyed equipment and furniture, and forced congressmen and vice president Mike Pence, who presided over the session as president of the Senate, to hide in their rooms under the protection of security officers. The area used by the press was also invaded. A woman was shot and died, without knowing the source of the shot. Another three people also died from “medical emergencies”, police said. Washington City Hall declared an evening curfew. Donald Trump crossed a line that an American president had never crossed. It was an attempted coup d’état with Trump trying to prevent the normal flow of democracy from shifting command after an election. This is the true face of fascism in the United States.

Unlike Mussolini’s Italian fascism, Hitler’s German Nazism and Trump’s fascism in the United States, which had a strongly nationalist focus on defending national interests, in Brazil, the fascism put in place by Jair Bolsonaro differs radically because his government it is not a nationalist assuming, quite the contrary, a subordinate stance in relation to the United States and international capital. Ever since he brought Paulo Guedes, a fundamentalist of neoliberalism and a vassal of bankers, to the Ministry of Economy, Bolsonaro has shown enthusiasm with the idea of selling all state properties, defending the independence of the Central Bank and seeking the approval of reforms supported by the banking sector.

In addition, like any fascist government, the Bolsonaro government features disrespect for human and social rights and democracy as a characteristic. The Bolsonaro government’s disastrous human and social rights policy is characterized by demonstrating disregard for the fundamental rights provided for in the 1988 Constitution, its detachment from democracy and the lack of respect with which it addresses broad social sectors. Brazil, from January 2019, witnesses the institutionalization of violations of civil liberties and fundamental rights. Government initiatives (bills, provisional measures, decrees), added to the declarations and attitudes that come from Bolsonaro and his ministers, create a serious environment that encourages violence and authoritarianism. Bolsonaro attacks the health of the Brazilian population by rendering the Ministry of Health inoperative in the fight against the new Coronavirus contributing to the high number of infected and about 200 thousand killed by the virus, acting against all the measures put in place by governors and mayors to combat the virus in Brazil and to have supported and participated in anti-democratic acts that sought to close the National Congress and the Supreme Federal Court.

Bolsonaro’s fascist government also features disrespect for the environment as a characteristic. Jair Bolsonaro’s Brazil is the new environmental villain for planet Earth. The Bolsonaro government’s disastrous environmental policy gained prominence in the international community due to the growth of fires and deforestation in the Legal Amazon and disobedience to the Paris Agreement to combat global climate change. The Bolsonaro government has adopted a series of measures that collaborate to increase deforestation. Bolsonaro’s speech works as deforestation approval. Never before has there been such an incentive for deforestation in any Brazilian government. Another consequence is the complete dismantling of the inspection bodies. This is a major catastrophe produced by the Bolsonaro government whose action could lead to the destruction of the Amazon Forest with the manifest intention of paving the way for mining, agriculture, livestock and timber activities.

Like all fascist government, the Bolsonaro government presents, as one of its characteristics, the identification of enemies as a unifying cause. Leftist enemies are seen as bandits and deserving of punishment and extermination. Another great feature is the emphasis on militarism. Bolsonaro housed military in various ministries and government agencies and defended the military governments from the dictatorship by stating that “that was a wonderful time”. The control of the media is carried out by Bolsonaro to delegitimize the work of the press, in addition to spreading false news. Bolsonaro makes use of religion to gain political support when he says that Brazil is a Christian country, God is above all and minorities who bow. There is the intentional use by Bolsonaro, and his “intellectuals” of the figure of Christ, of the Messiah. The “intellectuals” of the Bolsonaro government seek to create in Bolsonaro the figure of the “good Christian” and in doing so he assumes himself as president of Christians in confrontations between “good and evil”. In this arrangement, the conflict occurs between those who represent evil, in the caricature of “communists” or “members of the PT” (left-wing political party), and “citizens of good”. The political operation of religious use further legitimizes authoritarianism in Brazil, here referred to as “Brazilian Cristofascism”. Precisely in 2020 on the day that Christians celebrated the resurrection of Christ and the victory over death, it was compared, by Bolsonaro, in his social media messages to the stab he suffered in the 2018 electoral process. He puts himself as the “Messiah” to save Brazil.

Another characteristic of Bolsonaro’s fascism is the attack on labor rights because he understands labor rights as obstacles to the growth of companies and the Brazilian economy. There is also a disdain for intellectuals and the arts by systematically disqualifying scientific works that go against their conservative ideas. Conducts censorship and siege to art. Bolsonaro repeats the military dictatorship, which feared culture. There is the obsession with crime and punishment. Bolsonaro defends the armament of the population and a more punitive prison system. Bolsonaro gained great support from a large part of the population in Brazil saying that in the Presidency of the Republic he would loosen restrictions on firearms and give more power to the police. Authorities should have more lethal weapons, according to Bolsonaro, who argues that those who kill criminals should receive medals and not go to trial.

Like every fascist government, the Bolsonaro government has the purpose of creating a police state. The Bolsonaro government seeks to create a police state by presenting the anti-crime bill that has several unconstitutional measures, especially on imprisonment after second-level conviction, the prescription of crimes, and changes in the institute of self-defense and the Jury Court, in addition to lower a decree that authorizes the summary deportation of people “dangerous to the security of Brazil”, violating the presumption of innocence for foreigners, which is openly unconstitutional. One of the basic fronts of the Bolsonaro government is the destruction of critical memories of the 1964 civil and military dictatorship, as well as all the horror experiences that Brazil experienced, such as those that put us at the head of incarceration, deforestation, murders of vulnerable groups, destruction of public health and education, judicialization of social life and overexploitation of work.

The advance of fascist political figures like Jair Bolsonaro and Sérgio Moro in Brazil is driven by the strong idea of creating an enemy responsible for all the country’s problems. In Brazil, left-wing political forces and the PT were held responsible for the corruption problems in the country that were fundamental to Bolsonaro’s victory in the presidential elections. Bolsonaro’s great appeal to the general public is related to anger against traditional politicians and against corruption. Research shows that it is supported mainly by middle and upper class men. Bolsonaro’s speech does not only give voice to the political dissatisfaction of the population, but, above all, to internalized hatreds. There is a very big class hatred in Brazil, a hatred against communists and the PT, of gender as well, as well as a hatred of LGBT people. Bolsonaro manages to gather several of these hatreds. However, Bolsonaro’s speech against traditional politicians and against corruption was demoralized because he articulated with the parliamentary bloc called “centrão” to win support in parliament for his projects and avoid being impeached through impeachment for the countless crimes of responsibility and, also, put the GSI- Institutional Security Office and ABIN, linked to the GSI, at the service of the interests of his son, Senator Flávio Bolsonaro, who is responsible for the crime of corruption for embezzlement when he was a state deputy in Rio de Janeiro.

The political objective of Jair Bolsonaro is the achievement of total power with the dominance of the Legislative and Judiciary, in addition to the Executive Power and, if necessary, with the closure of the first two to put into practice his fascist government project. The escalation of fascism is already a concrete, widespread, ingrained fact and could become irreversible in Brazil at the present time if there is no resistance against its advance. To avoid the end of the current democratic system in Brazil, therefore, it is not enough to rely on republican institutions that may undergo internal changes contrary to democracy and the interests of the vast majority of the population through bills and amendments to the Constitution by the Bolsonaro government, the appointment of ministers in the Judiciary and even carry out a coup d´etat. In order to avoid the escalation of fascism and the implantation of a fascist dictatorship in Brazil, it is urgent to form an anti-fascist democratic front in Parliament and in Civil Society in order to promote the mobilization of the Brazilian people in defense of the 1988 Constitution and in the fight against acts government that are contrary to the interests of the vast majority of the population and Brazil.

* Fernando Alcoforado, 81, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic  planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017),  Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).

Fernando Alcoforado*

Cet article vise à présenter la barbarie représentée par le fascisme aux États-Unis par Donald Trump et au Brésil par Jair Bolsonaro. La barbarie du fascisme se manifeste principalement parce qu’elle est contre le système démocratique et libéral et repose sur l’exercice totalitaire du pouvoir. En d’autres termes, le fascisme cherche à s’imposer sous la dictature comme cela s’est produit dans l’Italie fasciste de Benito Mussolini et dans l’Allemagne nazie d’Adolf Hitler. Aux États-Unis, le fascisme a été avorté avec la défaite de Donald Trump aux élections présidentielles, et au Brésil, le fascisme continue en gestation avec Jair Bolsonaro au pouvoir. À ses débuts, le fascisme était un mouvement politique qui a émergé en Italie après la Première Guerre mondiale, dans les années 1920, sous la direction de Benito Mussolini et, sous la direction d’Adolf Hitler en Allemagne dans les années 1930. Le fascisme antique représentait une réaction des forces conservatrices en Europe contre la montée au pouvoir des travailleurs dans plusieurs pays après la victoire du socialisme en Union soviétique en 1917. L’ancien fascisme implanté au cours des années 1920 et 1930 du XXe siècle reposait sur un État totalitaire fort , qui prétend incarner l’esprit du peuple, dans l’exercice du pouvoir par un parti unique dont l’autorité s’est imposée par la violence, la répression et la propagande politique.

Le leader fasciste est une figure au-dessus des hommes ordinaires. Mussolini s’appelait Il Duce, qui dérive du latin Dux (général) et Hitler de Führer (Conducteur,  Guider, Patron, Chef). Tous deux étaient des dirigeants messianiques et autoritaires, avec un pouvoir exercé unilatéralement sans consultation avec qui que ce soit. En Allemagne, le fascisme ancien a reçu le nom de nazisme. Ce mouvement, en plus de combattre les communistes et les homosexuels, avait également une forte composante raciale, qui promulguait la supériorité de la race aryenne et cherchait à exterminer les juifs, les tsiganes et les noirs. Le fascisme antique se caractérisait aussi par un nationalisme agressif, un militarisme et un impérialisme au service des classes dirigeantes, par le culte du chef, par l’anticommunisme et par la dictature. Afin de mettre ses principes en pratique, les droits individuels des citoyens ont été ignorés, le Parlement s’est transformé en un simple organe consultatif, le pouvoir judiciaire a agi au service du fascisme et la police politique a été créée, ce qui a écrasé toute opposition au régime.

Aux États-Unis, le fascisme s’est développé sur le terrain d’une démocratie mature en crise. Le fascisme a été pleinement adopté par le Parti républicain, qui se définit maintenant dans cette ligne. Pendant des décennies, le Parti républicain a représenté, à l’étranger, un ordre international tourné vers l’avenir dirigé par les États-Unis et, en interne, le capitalisme démocratique avec peu d’intervention du gouvernement dans l’économie. Trump décime cela et d’autres choses que les républicains ont défendues et représentées. Le Parti républicain est, un parti de conservateurs religieux, d’hommes blancs en colère qui deviennent une minorité dans leur propre pays, sont des opposants au contrôle des armements, sont contre l’avortement et sont propriétaires d’entreprises qui sont contre la réglementation. C’est un parti ouvertement raciste, sexiste, répressif, exclusivité et en permanence accro à la politique de la peur et de la haine, comme cela s’est produit sous l’administration George W. Bush et qui a été approfondi dans l’administration Donald Trump qui a ramené le fascisme dans l’ère contemporaine en tant que président des États-Unis.

La renaissance du fascisme sous le commandement de Donald Trump aux États-Unis a résulté, fondamentalement, du déclin économique et de la perte de l’hégémonie du pays sur la scène mondiale en très peu de temps. Toutes les relations mondiales aux États-Unis ont profondément changé ces derniers temps, étant obligés de partager le pouvoir à l’échelle mondiale avec d’autres pays. L’époque où les États-Unis cherchaient à imposer leur volonté sur la scène internationale dans les domaines économique et militaire est révolue. Cela s’est produit après l’administration de Barack Obama. La crise mondiale actuelle du système capitaliste mondial accélère le changement géopolitique à long terme, annonçant le déclin de la puissance américaine et de l’influence européenne et la montée en puissance de la Chine en tant que puissance économiquement dominante. Donald Trump a représenté une réaction pour inverser cette tendance. En pratique, sa performance a conduit à la renaissance du fascisme aux États-Unis.

Trump a marqué des points aux États-Unis avec des slogans haineux contre le soi-disant établissement politique et les médias. Il a conquis une classe moyenne blanche appauvrie et déstabilisée par la mondialisation. «Je suis la seule à pouvoir résoudre ce problème», était la devise de la campagne de Trump. Au pouvoir, Donald Trump a insulté les étrangers, les femmes et les personnes handicapées, prêché la haine, snobé les plus importants partenaires mondiaux de l’Amérique et aboli le programme de son prédécesseur, Barack Obama, et sa mesure la plus symbolique, Obamacare et aboli la loi sur l’assurance maladie, qui couvre les besoins de santé de 24 millions d’Américains qui n’ont pas été protégés par l’épidémie de la nouvelle pandémie de coronavirus. Son programme économique n’avait qu’une seule devise: le protectionnisme avec pour devise «l’Amérique d’abord». Il a promis et mené une guerre commerciale contre la Chine, notamment les entreprises américaines qui ont déménagé à Pékin.

Au gouvernement des États-Unis, Donald Trump a créé une phase dangereuse d’instabilité politique internationale. Donald Trump a promis et annulé l’accord sur le climat signé par les États-Unis à Paris, le pacte nucléaire durement négocié avec l’Iran et divers accords commerciaux, ainsi que de ne pas payer des milliards de dollars pour l’ONU développe des programmes de lutte contre le changement climatique. En résumé, Trump a travaillé pour doter l’Arabie saoudite d’armes nucléaires pour combattre l’Iran et le Japon pour combattre la Chine et pour affaiblir l’OTAN «obsolète» en forçant les alliés européens à payer pour la protection militaire américaine, créant ainsi le risque d’incursion russe dans les pays baltes, a déclenché une guerre commerciale avec la Chine par le biais du protectionnisme, a commencé à construire un mur de 3200 kilomètres de long le long de la frontière mexicaine, a interdit aux musulmans d’entrer dans le pays, a renégocié tout d’importants accords commerciaux et a considérablement augmenté les dépenses militaires. Cela a déclenché des conflits importants, déclenché de nouvelles rivalités et déclenché de nouvelles crises internationales. Trump a harcelé les médias hostiles à lui, a attaqué les femmes qui l’accusaient de harcèlement sexuel, réduit les impôts, en particulier pour les super-riches, aboli la réforme des soins de santé d’Obama laissant 24 millions de personnes sans couverture médicale qui étaient à la merci de pandémie du nouveau coronavirus, démantelé toutes les réglementations environnementales, relancé l’industrie du charbon, expulsé des immigrants illégaux par millions et encombré la Cour suprême de conservateurs idéologiques a mesure  qui est apparu des postes vacants. Trump a lancé son attaque contre la démocratie libérale pendant son gouvernement. Donald Trump a fait preuve d’une personnalité similaire à celle de Mussolini et Hitler.

La victoire de Joe Biden sur Donald Trump lors des dernières élections présidentielles représente la victoire de la civilisation sur la barbarie car elle permettra au gouvernement américain de défaire l’héritage de la barbarie des années Trump. Le gouvernement Joe Biden cherchera à défaire l’héritage de la barbarie des années Trump en mettant en œuvre un programme gouvernemental qui sera certainement le plus progressiste de l’histoire des États-Unis. Avec le contrôle du Sénat et de la Chambre entre les mains des démocrates, Biden sera en mesure de former un gouvernement très progressiste, plus que l’administration Barack Obama. Il est essentiel que le programme du gouvernement Biden œuvre pour neutraliser la horde fasciste qui s’est considérablement développée aux États-Unis sous l’administration Donald Trump. Une démonstration de la force du fascisme aux États-Unis a été présentée hier (01/06/2020) lorsque, à l’instigation de Trump, une horde néofasciste dirigée par lui a envahi le Congrès américain, le Capitole, et a provoqué la paralysie de la séance tenue à raconter les votes du collège électoral et certifient la victoire de Joe Biden à l’élection présidentielle de novembre, dernière étape formelle du processus électoral avant l’investiture du démocrate, le 20 janvier. Donald Trump a prononcé un discours exhortant une foule à envahir le siège du pouvoir législatif et à éviter de ratifier la victoire de son adversaire.

Les envahisseurs du Capitole – certains en costume et d’autres avec des armes – ont occupé la plénière des deux chambres du Parlement, détruit du matériel et du mobilier, et ont forcé les membres du Congrès et le vice-président Mike Pence, qui présidait la session en tant que président du Sénat, à se cacher dans leurs bureaux sous la protection des agents de sécurité. La zone utilisée par la presse a également été envahie. Une femme a été abattue et est décédée sans connaître la source du tir. Trois autres personnes sont également mortes “d’urgences médicales”, a indiqué la police. La mairie de Washington a déclaré un couvre-feu en soirée. Donald Trump a franchi une ligne qu’un président américain n’avait jamais franchie. C’était une tentative de coup d’État avec Trump essayant d’empêcher le flux normal de la démocratie de changer de commandement après une élection. C’est le vrai visage du fascisme aux États-Unis

Contrairement au fascisme italien de Mussolini, au nazisme allemand d’Hitler et au fascisme de Trump aux États-Unis, qui avait un accent fortement nationaliste sur la défense des intérêts nationaux, au Brésil, le fascisme mis en place par Jair Bolsonaro diffère radicalement parce que son gouvernement ce n’est pas  nationaliste prenant, bien au contraire, une position subordonnée vis-à-vis des États-Unis et du capital international. Depuis qu’il a amené Paulo Guedes, fondamentaliste du néolibéralisme et vassal des banquiers, au ministère de l’Économie, Bolsonaro a montré son enthousiasme à l’idée de vendre toutes les propriétés de l’État, de défendre l’indépendance de la Banque centrale et de demander l’approbation des réformes soutenues par le secteur de banque.

En outre, comme tout gouvernement fasciste, le gouvernement Bolsonaro présente le manque de respect des droits humains et sociaux et de la démocratie comme une caractéristique. La politique désastreuse des droits de l’homme et des droits sociaux du gouvernement Bolsonaro se caractérise par le mépris des droits fondamentaux prévus dans la Constitution de 1988, son détachement de la démocratie et le manque de respect avec lequel il s’adresse à de larges secteurs sociaux. Le Brésil, à partir de janvier 2019, est témoin de l’institutionnalisation des violations des libertés civiles et des droits fondamentaux. Les initiatives gouvernementales (projets de loi, mesures provisoires, décrets), ajoutées aux déclarations et attitudes qui viennent de Bolsonaro et de ses ministres, créent un environnement sérieux qui encourage la violence et l’autoritarisme. Bolsonaro attaque la santé de la population brésilienne en rendant inopérant le ministère de la Santé dans la lutte contre le nouveau Coronavirus contribuant au nombre élevé d’infectés et d’environ 200 mille tués par le virus, agissant contre toutes les mesures mises en place par les gouverneurs et les maires pour lutter contre le virus au Brésil et d’avoir soutenu et participé à des actes antidémocratiques visant à fermer le Congrès national et la Cour fédérale suprême.

Le gouvernement fasciste de Bolsonaro présente également le manque de respect de l’environnement comme une caractéristique. Le Brésil de Jair Bolsonaro est le nouveau méchant environnemental de la planète Terre. La politique environnementale désastreuse du gouvernement Bolsonaro a gagné en importance dans la communauté internationale en raison de la croissance des incendies et de la déforestation dans l’Amazonie légale et de la désobéissance à l’Accord de Paris pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial. Le gouvernement Bolsonaro a adopté une série de mesures qui collaborent pour accroître la déforestation. Le discours de Bolsonaro fonctionne comme une approbation de la déforestation. Jamais auparavant il n’y avait eu une telle incitation à la déforestation dans un gouvernement brésilien. Une autre conséquence est le démantèlement complet des organismes de contrôle. Il s’agit d’une catastrophe majeure produite par le gouvernement Bolsonaro dont l’action pourrait conduire à la destruction de la forêt amazonienne avec l’intention manifeste d’ouvrir la voie aux activités minières, agricoles, d’élevage et de bois.

Comme tout gouvernement fasciste, le gouvernement Bolsonaro présente, comme l’une de ses caractéristiques, l’identification des ennemis comme une cause unificatrice. Les ennemis de gauche sont considérés comme des bandits et méritent d’être punis et exterminés. Une autre caractéristique importante est l’accent mis sur le militarisme. Bolsonaro a logé des militaires dans divers ministères et agences gouvernementales et a défendu les gouvernements militaires de la dictature en déclarant que “c’était une période merveilleuse”. Le contrôle des médias est effectué par Bolsonaro pour délégitimer le travail de la presse, en plus de diffuser de fausses nouvelles. Bolsonaro utilise la religion pour gagner un soutien politique lorsqu’il dit que le Brésil est un pays chrétien, Dieu par dessus tout et les minorités qui s’inclinent. Il y a l’utilisation intentionnelle par Bolsonaro et ses «intellectuels» de la figure du Christ, du Messie. Les «intellectuels» du gouvernement Bolsonaro cherchent à créer à Bolsonaro la figure du «bon chrétien» et, ce faisant, il s’assume comme président des chrétiens dans les affrontements entre «le bien et le mal». Dans cet arrangement, le conflit se produit entre ceux qui représentent le mal, dans la caricature des «communistes» ou des «membres du PT» (parti politique de gauche), et des «citoyens du bien». L’opération politique de l’usage religieux légitime davantage l’autoritarisme au Brésil, ici appelé «Cristofascisme brésilien». C’est précisément le jour où les chrétiens ont célébré la résurrection du Christ et la victoire sur la mort en 2020, il a été comparé, par Bolsonaro, dans ses messages sur les réseaux sociaux, au coup de couteau qu’il a subi lors du processus électoral de 2018. Il se présente comme le Messie »pour sauver le Brésil.

Une autre caractéristique du fascisme de Bolsonaro est l’attaque contre les droits du travail parce qu’il comprend les droits du travail comme des obstacles à la croissance des entreprises et de l’économie brésilienne. Il y a aussi un mépris pour les intellectuels et les arts en disqualifiant systématiquement les œuvres scientifiques qui vont à l’encontre de leurs idées conservatrices. Conduit la censure et l’encerclement de l’art. Bolsonaro répète la dictature militaire, qui redoutait la culture. Il y a l’obsession du crime et de la punition. Bolsonaro défend l’armement de la population et un système carcéral plus punitif. Bolsonaro a obtenu un grand soutien d’une grande partie de la population brésilienne, affirmant que sous la présidence de la République, il assouplirait les restrictions sur les armes à feu et donnerait plus de pouvoir à la police. Les autorités devraient avoir des armes plus meurtrières, selon Bolsonaro, qui soutient que ceux qui tuent des criminels devraient recevoir des médailles et ne pas aller en justice.

Comme tout gouvernement fasciste, le gouvernement Bolsonaro a pour objectif de créer un État policier. Le gouvernement Bolsonaro cherche à créer un État policier en présentant le projet de loi anti-criminalité qui comporte plusieurs mesures inconstitutionnelles, en particulier sur l’emprisonnement après une condamnation au deuxième niveau, la prescription des crimes et les changements dans l’institut de légitime défense et le tribunal du jury, en plus de abaisser un décret qui autorise l’expulsion sommaire de personnes «dangereuses pour la sécurité du Brésil», violant la présomption d’innocence des étrangers, ce qui est ouvertement inconstitutionnel. L’un des fronts fondamentaux du gouvernement Bolsonaro est la destruction de souvenirs critiques de la dictature civile et militaire de 1964, ainsi que toutes les expériences d’horreur que le Brésil a vécues, telles que celles qui nous ont mis à la tête de l’incarcération, de la déforestation, des meurtres de groupe vulnérables, destruction de la santé publique et de l’éducation, judiciarisation de la vie sociale et surexploitation du travail.

L’avancée de personnalités politiques fascistes comme Jair Bolsonaro et Sérgio Moro au Brésil est motivée par l’idée forte de créer un ennemi responsable de tous les problèmes du pays. Au Brésil, les forces politiques de gauche et le PT ont été tenus pour responsables des problèmes de corruption dans le pays qui ont été fondamentaux pour la victoire de Bolsonaro aux élections présidentielles. Le grand appel de Bolsonaro auprès du grand public est lié à la colère contre les politiciens traditionnels et contre la corruption. La recherche montre qu’elle est principalement soutenue par les hommes de la classe moyenne et supérieure. Le discours de Bolsonaro ne donne pas seulement la parole au mécontentement politique de la population, mais surtout aux haines intériorisées. Il y a une très grande haine de classe au Brésil, une haine contre les communistes et le PT, du genre aussi, ainsi qu’une haine des personnes LGBT. Bolsonaro parvient à rassembler plusieurs de ces haines. Cependant, le discours de Bolsonaro contre les politiciens traditionnels et contre la corruption a été démoralisé parce qu’il s’est articulé avec le bloc parlementaire appelé «centrão» pour gagner le soutien du parlement pour ses projets et éviter d’être destitué par la destitution pour les innombrables crimes de responsabilité et, aussi , a mis le GSI- Institutional Security Office et l’ABIN, liés au GSI, au service des intérêts de son fils, le sénateur Flávio Bolsonaro, qui est responsable du crime de corruption pour détournement de fonds alors qu’il était député d’État à Rio de Janeiro.

L’objectif politique de Jair Bolsonaro est la conquête du pouvoir total avec la domination du législatif et du judiciaire, en plus du pouvoir exécutif et, si nécessaire, avec la fermeture des deux premiers pour mettre en pratique son projet de gouvernement fasciste. L’escalade du fascisme est déjà un fait concret, répandu, enraciné et pourrait devenir irréversible au Brésil à l’heure actuelle s’il n’y a pas de résistance contre son avance. Pour éviter la fin du système démocratique actuel au Brésil, il ne suffit donc pas de s’appuyer sur des institutions républicaines susceptibles de subir des changements internes contraires à la démocratie et aux intérêts de la grande majorité de la population à travers des projets de loi et des amendements à la Constitution par le gouvernement Bolsonaro, la nomination de ministres de la magistrature et même de procéder à un coup d’État. Afin d’éviter l’escalade du fascisme et l’implantation d’une dictature fasciste au Brésil, il est urgent de former un front démocratique antifasciste au Parlement et dans la société civile afin de promouvoir la mobilisation du peuple brésilien pour la défense de la Constitution de 1988 et dans la lutte contre les actes gouvernement qui sont contraire aux intérêts de la grande majorité de la population et du Brésil.

* Fernando Alcoforado, 80, a reçoit la Médaille du Mérite en Ingénierie du Système CONFEA / CREA, membre de l’Académie de l’Education de Bahia, ingénieur et docteur en planification territoriale et développement régional pour l’Université de Barcelone, professeur universitaire et consultant dans les domaines de la planification stratégique, planification d’entreprise, planification régionale et planification énergétique, il est l’auteur de ouvrages Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017),  Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) et Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).